Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary hypothesis being tested in the hepatic encephalopathy experiment?
What is the primary hypothesis being tested in the hepatic encephalopathy experiment?
- Hepatic encephalopathy is caused by bacterial infection.
- Rising blood ammonia causes hepatic encephalopathy. (correct)
- Anesthesia is necessary to study hepatic function.
- Liver injury leads to iron toxicity.
Why was general anesthesia not used during the hepatic encephalopathy experiment?
Why was general anesthesia not used during the hepatic encephalopathy experiment?
- It hampers observation of the rabbit's consciousness. (correct)
- It requires additional equipment.
- It increases the risk of infection.
- It causes rapid weight loss in rabbits.
What surgical technique is employed to simulate liver injury during the experiment?
What surgical technique is employed to simulate liver injury during the experiment?
- Ligation of the gallbladder.
- Ligation of blood vessels surrounding the liver. (correct)
- Suturing the liver without incision.
- Complete removal of the liver.
In which step is procaine local anesthesia administered?
In which step is procaine local anesthesia administered?
What is the purpose of inserting a catheter into the duodenum during the procedure?
What is the purpose of inserting a catheter into the duodenum during the procedure?
What is the final step before closing the abdominal incision?
What is the final step before closing the abdominal incision?
Which observation is performed to assess the rabbit's neurological status during the experiment?
Which observation is performed to assess the rabbit's neurological status during the experiment?
How frequently is the compound ammonium chloride administered to the rabbit?
How frequently is the compound ammonium chloride administered to the rabbit?
Flashcards
Ammonia Intoxication Hypothesis
Ammonia Intoxication Hypothesis
The hypothesis that increased blood ammonia levels caused by liver injury lead to ammonia toxicity resulting in hepatic encephalopathy.
Liver Ligation
Liver Ligation
The process of tying off blood vessels surrounding the liver to simulate liver damage in the experiment.
Ammonia Salt Injection
Ammonia Salt Injection
The injection of ammonia salt into the rabbit's intestinal tract to mimic increased ammonia levels observed in hepatic encephalopathy.
Hepatic Encephalopathy Experiment
Hepatic Encephalopathy Experiment
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Why no anesthesia?
Why no anesthesia?
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Abdominal Incision
Abdominal Incision
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Square Pages of the Liver
Square Pages of the Liver
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Compound Ammonium Chloride Injection
Compound Ammonium Chloride Injection
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Study Notes
Hepatic Encephalopathy Experiment
- Hypothesis: Liver injury is caused by rising blood ammonia levels. Ammonia toxicity causes hepatic encephalopathy.
- Experimental Approach: Ligation of the liver or injecting ammonia salts.
- Ligation Operation: This simulates liver injury.
- Ammonia Injection: Simulates increased ammonia levels.
- Anesthesia Avoidance: Rabbits are not given general anesthesia during the experiment, as this prevents observing the transition from normal consciousness to hepatic encephalopathy.
- Rabbit Fixation: Fixing the rabbit on a platform using rope knots tied to its limbs to maintain consistent posture during the experiment.
- Anesthetic Procedure: Local anesthesia (procaine) is used on the rabbit’s skin prior to incision to reduce pain during the operation.
- Abdominal Incision: An incision is made to allow access to internal organs, following a midline cut. This cut goes through the skin and into the subcutaneous layers, finding the linea alba within the abdominal muscle layers.
- Liver Exposure: The abdominal muscles, along with the falciform ligament, are carefully cut to allow access to the liver.
- Liver Surgery: (Details of ligation procedures and blood vessel ligation are described in the notes) Ligature threads are used to effectively complete the surgery. Steps include finding the stomach and duodenum, creating a hole in the duodenum for a catheter insertion, and securing the placement.
- Monitoring: This includes monitoring the rabbit's corneal reflex, respiratory rate, and responsiveness after the surgeries, after injecting compound ammonium chloride.
- Observation: The rabbit's reactions, including spasms, rigidity, and corneal reflexes are noted. The normal frequency of respiration is also measured.
- Compound Ammonium Chloride: 5ml/5mins of compound ammonium chloride was administered via intubation (through the duodenum) following the surgery and used to test the rabbit's reactions.
- Experiment Conclusion: The experiment demonstrates a series of steps in producing a response to ammonia, which simulates injury in rats. It also notes the various phases and stages of the experiment.
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