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Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of ligating the liver in this experiment?
What is the purpose of ligating the liver in this experiment?
- To prevent blood loss during surgery
- To simulate liver injury (correct)
- To promote healing of the liver
- To enhance ammonia absorption
Why is anesthesia avoided during the preparation of the rabbit?
Why is anesthesia avoided during the preparation of the rabbit?
- Rabbits do not respond well to anesthesia
- Anesthesia causes increased ammonia levels
- To observe the transition from normal consciousness to hepatic encephalopathy (correct)
- It is illegal to use anesthesia on animals
Which step directly follows the administration of local anesthesia?
Which step directly follows the administration of local anesthesia?
- Make an incision and explore (correct)
- Inject ammonia into the duodenum
- Ligation of blood vessels
- Administer injectable drugs
During which step is the falciform ligament cut?
During which step is the falciform ligament cut?
What is the primary observation conducted after the administration of compound ammonium chloride?
What is the primary observation conducted after the administration of compound ammonium chloride?
What is the primary function of the catheter inserted into the duodenum?
What is the primary function of the catheter inserted into the duodenum?
What anatomical feature is identified for making the incision during the surgery?
What anatomical feature is identified for making the incision during the surgery?
What is the significance of testing corneal reflection during the examination?
What is the significance of testing corneal reflection during the examination?
Flashcards
Ammonia Intoxication Hypothesis
Ammonia Intoxication Hypothesis
A scientific hypothesis that explains hepatic encephalopathy as a result of elevated ammonia in the blood due to liver damage.
Liver Ligation
Liver Ligation
A surgical procedure that mimics liver injury by ligating blood vessels surrounding the liver lobes. This simulates a reduced blood supply and reduced liver function.
Intestinal Ammonia Injection
Intestinal Ammonia Injection
The injection of ammonia salt into the intestinal tract to simulate increased ammonia levels in the blood, mirroring a condition seen in liver failure.
Why No Anesthesia?
Why No Anesthesia?
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Linea Alba
Linea Alba
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Falciform Ligament
Falciform Ligament
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Liver Lobes
Liver Lobes
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Rabbit Observation
Rabbit Observation
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Study Notes
Hepatic Encephalopathy Experiment
- Hypothesis: Liver injury is caused by ammonia rise in blood, leading to ammonia toxicity (hepatic encephalopathy).
- Experimental Method: Two main operations simulate liver injury.
- Ligation: Mimics liver injury by severing blood vessels.
- Intestinal Injection: Introducing ammonia salt to simulate ammonia buildup.
- Rabbit Preparation: Rabbits are weighed and fixed supine on a platform without anesthesia. (Fixing prevents the rabbit from moving or losing consciousness due to anesthesia.)
- Anesthesia Avoidance: General anesthesia is avoided as the change from conscious to hepatic encephalopathy is not observed during anesthesia(it is unclear if the hypothesis would hold true due to effects of anesthesia)
- Rabbit Positioning: Limbs are secured using ropes, back is supported by other students, ensuring stability.
- Surgical Procedure:
- Abdominal Incision: 8cm incision made along the midline starting from the sternum xiphoid process.
- Muscle and Linea Alba: Subcutaneous muscle layer is opened, linea alba (white line) is located and cut along it.
- Liver Exposure: Abdominal cavity is opened, liver is exposed, and the falciform ligament (thin tissue) is cut to expose the liver and its blood vessels.
- Liver Ligation: Blood vessels are ligated (tied off).
- Duodenum Access: Stomach is located, duodenum is found, a hole is cut on it, a catheter is inserted into.
- Hemostasis: The area where blood vessels were severed is treated to stop bleeding using clamps or thread.
- Observations:
- Corneal Reflex: Observation of blink speed using light touch on cornea.
- Normal Frequency: Observation of normal breathing rate.
- Irritability Reaction: Observation of animal reactions, such as muscle spasms, to stimuli (e.g. tapping the table)
- Compound Ammonium Chloride: 5ml of compound ammonium chloride solution is given (likely by intravenous injection) via tubing for observation.
- Post-Surgical Observation: Constant monitoring of the rabbit for visible symptoms, irritability, and other reactions is done until spontaneous symptoms appear.
- Experiment Conclusion: The entire experiment process is characterized by observation and the steps to achieve it.
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