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Liver Module
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Liver Module

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Questions and Answers

Which organ is the liver attached to via the lesser omentum?

  • Small intestine
  • Stomach (correct)
  • Spleen
  • Pancreas

    • What covers the liver and other abdominal organs?

  • Visceral peritoneum (correct)
  • Mesentery
  • Parietal peritoneum
  • Retroperitoneum

    • Which structure is located on the right side of the liver?

  • Appendix
  • Pancreas
  • Spleen
  • Gallbladder (correct)

    • What happens if up to 70% of the liver is removed during partial hepatectomy?

    <p>The remaining lobe will enlarge and expand the blood supply to original size within a couple of weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of human liver lobules?

    <p>They are organized into hexagonal units around a central vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the central veins in the liver empty into?

    <p>Hepatic veins, and then the inferior vena cava (IVC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes up 90% of the total mass of the liver?

    <p>Hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much bile can hepatocytes secrete per day through bile canaliculi?

    <p>$ ext{~}1$ liter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are Kupffer cells in the liver?

    <p>Reticuloendothelial cells or hepatic macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 vessels that form the portal triad or tract in the liver?

    <p>Hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the liver receive its blood supply from?

    <p>Oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery and nutrient-rich deoxygenated blood from the hepatic portal vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is produced by the liver and is responsible for transporting absorbed iron in the blood?

    <p>Transferrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the active form of vitamin D synthesized with the help of the skin, liver, and kidneys?

    <p>Calcitriol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is caused by a genetic mutation impairing biliary excretion of copper, leading to its accumulation and resulting in liver disease?

    <p>Wilson Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ converts vitamin D to 25-hydroxycholcalciferol or 25(OH)D, the form usually measured as an indication of vitamin D levels?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the intracellular iron storage protein that is non-toxic to cells?

    <p>Ferritin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the form of vitamin D usually measured as an indication of vitamin D levels?

    <p>25-hydroxycholcalciferol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if iron levels drop in the body?

    <p>Ferritin releases the iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the active hormone form of vitamin D synthesized by the kidneys?

    <p>Calcitriol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main detox system in the liver?

    <p>Cytochrome P450</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alternate pathway to metabolize alcohol and some other drugs?

    <p>MEOS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the byproduct of the destruction of aged RBCs and the main bile pigment found in bile?

    <p>Bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gives bile the greenish black color and produces the yellow tinge of jaundice?

    <p>Bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lipid soluble form of bilirubin that binds to albumin in the blood?

    <p>Unconjugated or free bilirubin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the majority of urobilinogen eliminated?

    <p>Feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of bile and bile salts produced in the liver?

    <p>Essential for fat absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the liver store in small amounts to prevent toxic effects in other tissues?

    <p>Copper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pathway for bile salts production?

    <p>Direct synthesis and conjugation from cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest vitamin stored in the liver, with up to 2 year's supply?

    <p>Vitamin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hepatocytes in the liver?

    <p>Synthesize 90% of all plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main detox system in the liver?

    <p>Cytochrome P450</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bile in the digestive system?

    <p>Emulsifying fats for digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone plays a key role in regulating gallbladder contractions and biliary secretion?

    <p>CCK</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the gallbladder?

    <p>Storing and concentrating bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ plays a role in the absorption and transportation of fats?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of micelles in the small intestine?

    <p>Absorption of monoglycerides and fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic process does the liver perform to regulate blood glucose levels?

    <p>Gluconeogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the portal venous circulation in the liver?

    <p>Allowing hepatocytes to access nutrients and drugs first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bile salts in the digestive system?

    <p>Emulsifying fats to form micelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the conversion of excess glucose to glycogen in the liver?

    <p>Glycogen synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chylomicrons synthesized in the liver?

    <p>Transportation of dietary fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is emulsified by bile salts in the small intestine?

    <p>Fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of secretin in the digestive system?

    <p>Regulating bicarbonate release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hepatic and Gallbladder Physiology

    • Portal venous circulation drains blood from the GI tract to the liver, allowing hepatocytes to access nutrients and drugs first
    • Bile, containing bile salts, is vital for fat digestion and is recycled efficiently with less than 5% loss per day
    • Gallbladder has 4 parts and is responsible for storing and concentrating bile, with 3 main layers in its wall
    • Neurohumoral control regulates gallbladder contractions and biliary secretion, with CCK and secretin playing key roles
    • The liver stores dietary carbohydrates, regulates blood glucose levels, and performs gluconeogenesis
    • The liver converts and stores excess glucose as glycogen and can reverse this process as needed for glucose homeostasis
    • The liver synthesizes phospholipids, cholesterol, and bile salts, with most cholesterol synthesized in the liver converted to bile salts or transported as lipoproteins
    • The liver uses different metabolic pathways and enzymes to adjust circulating glucose levels and perform fat synthesis
    • The liver plays an important role in the absorption and transportation of fats, including the synthesis of chylomicrons
    • Bile salts emulsify fats to form micelles, making cholesterol soluble and facilitating cholesterol absorption in the small intestine
    • Emulsification of fat droplets with bile salts allows for the absorption of monoglycerides and fatty acids in the small intestine
    • Micelles move to the small intestine cell, where monoglycerides and fatty acids cross the membrane and are repackaged with other substances

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    Related Documents

    Liver Module.pdf

    Description

    Test your knowledge of hepatic and gallbladder physiology with this quiz. Explore topics such as portal venous circulation, bile production and recycling, gallbladder function, neurohumoral control, liver metabolism, and the absorption and transportation of fats.

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