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Questions and Answers
Which organ is the liver attached to via the lesser omentum?
Which organ is the liver attached to via the lesser omentum?
What covers the liver and other abdominal organs?
What covers the liver and other abdominal organs?
Which structure is located on the right side of the liver?
Which structure is located on the right side of the liver?
What happens if up to 70% of the liver is removed during partial hepatectomy?
What happens if up to 70% of the liver is removed during partial hepatectomy?
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What is the composition of human liver lobules?
What is the composition of human liver lobules?
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What do the central veins in the liver empty into?
What do the central veins in the liver empty into?
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What makes up 90% of the total mass of the liver?
What makes up 90% of the total mass of the liver?
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How much bile can hepatocytes secrete per day through bile canaliculi?
How much bile can hepatocytes secrete per day through bile canaliculi?
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What type of cells are Kupffer cells in the liver?
What type of cells are Kupffer cells in the liver?
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What are the 3 vessels that form the portal triad or tract in the liver?
What are the 3 vessels that form the portal triad or tract in the liver?
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Where does the liver receive its blood supply from?
Where does the liver receive its blood supply from?
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Which protein is produced by the liver and is responsible for transporting absorbed iron in the blood?
Which protein is produced by the liver and is responsible for transporting absorbed iron in the blood?
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What is the active form of vitamin D synthesized with the help of the skin, liver, and kidneys?
What is the active form of vitamin D synthesized with the help of the skin, liver, and kidneys?
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What condition is caused by a genetic mutation impairing biliary excretion of copper, leading to its accumulation and resulting in liver disease?
What condition is caused by a genetic mutation impairing biliary excretion of copper, leading to its accumulation and resulting in liver disease?
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Which organ converts vitamin D to 25-hydroxycholcalciferol or 25(OH)D, the form usually measured as an indication of vitamin D levels?
Which organ converts vitamin D to 25-hydroxycholcalciferol or 25(OH)D, the form usually measured as an indication of vitamin D levels?
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What is the intracellular iron storage protein that is non-toxic to cells?
What is the intracellular iron storage protein that is non-toxic to cells?
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What is the form of vitamin D usually measured as an indication of vitamin D levels?
What is the form of vitamin D usually measured as an indication of vitamin D levels?
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What happens if iron levels drop in the body?
What happens if iron levels drop in the body?
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What is the active hormone form of vitamin D synthesized by the kidneys?
What is the active hormone form of vitamin D synthesized by the kidneys?
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What is the main detox system in the liver?
What is the main detox system in the liver?
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What is the alternate pathway to metabolize alcohol and some other drugs?
What is the alternate pathway to metabolize alcohol and some other drugs?
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What is the byproduct of the destruction of aged RBCs and the main bile pigment found in bile?
What is the byproduct of the destruction of aged RBCs and the main bile pigment found in bile?
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What gives bile the greenish black color and produces the yellow tinge of jaundice?
What gives bile the greenish black color and produces the yellow tinge of jaundice?
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What is the lipid soluble form of bilirubin that binds to albumin in the blood?
What is the lipid soluble form of bilirubin that binds to albumin in the blood?
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Where is the majority of urobilinogen eliminated?
Where is the majority of urobilinogen eliminated?
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What is the main function of bile and bile salts produced in the liver?
What is the main function of bile and bile salts produced in the liver?
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What can the liver store in small amounts to prevent toxic effects in other tissues?
What can the liver store in small amounts to prevent toxic effects in other tissues?
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What is the primary pathway for bile salts production?
What is the primary pathway for bile salts production?
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What is the largest vitamin stored in the liver, with up to 2 year's supply?
What is the largest vitamin stored in the liver, with up to 2 year's supply?
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What is the role of hepatocytes in the liver?
What is the role of hepatocytes in the liver?
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What is the main detox system in the liver?
What is the main detox system in the liver?
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What is the primary function of bile in the digestive system?
What is the primary function of bile in the digestive system?
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Which hormone plays a key role in regulating gallbladder contractions and biliary secretion?
Which hormone plays a key role in regulating gallbladder contractions and biliary secretion?
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What is the primary function of the gallbladder?
What is the primary function of the gallbladder?
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Which organ plays a role in the absorption and transportation of fats?
Which organ plays a role in the absorption and transportation of fats?
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What is the primary function of micelles in the small intestine?
What is the primary function of micelles in the small intestine?
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Which metabolic process does the liver perform to regulate blood glucose levels?
Which metabolic process does the liver perform to regulate blood glucose levels?
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What is the primary function of the portal venous circulation in the liver?
What is the primary function of the portal venous circulation in the liver?
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What is the primary function of bile salts in the digestive system?
What is the primary function of bile salts in the digestive system?
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Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the conversion of excess glucose to glycogen in the liver?
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the conversion of excess glucose to glycogen in the liver?
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What is the primary function of chylomicrons synthesized in the liver?
What is the primary function of chylomicrons synthesized in the liver?
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Which substance is emulsified by bile salts in the small intestine?
Which substance is emulsified by bile salts in the small intestine?
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What is the primary function of secretin in the digestive system?
What is the primary function of secretin in the digestive system?
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Study Notes
Hepatic and Gallbladder Physiology
- Portal venous circulation drains blood from the GI tract to the liver, allowing hepatocytes to access nutrients and drugs first
- Bile, containing bile salts, is vital for fat digestion and is recycled efficiently with less than 5% loss per day
- Gallbladder has 4 parts and is responsible for storing and concentrating bile, with 3 main layers in its wall
- Neurohumoral control regulates gallbladder contractions and biliary secretion, with CCK and secretin playing key roles
- The liver stores dietary carbohydrates, regulates blood glucose levels, and performs gluconeogenesis
- The liver converts and stores excess glucose as glycogen and can reverse this process as needed for glucose homeostasis
- The liver synthesizes phospholipids, cholesterol, and bile salts, with most cholesterol synthesized in the liver converted to bile salts or transported as lipoproteins
- The liver uses different metabolic pathways and enzymes to adjust circulating glucose levels and perform fat synthesis
- The liver plays an important role in the absorption and transportation of fats, including the synthesis of chylomicrons
- Bile salts emulsify fats to form micelles, making cholesterol soluble and facilitating cholesterol absorption in the small intestine
- Emulsification of fat droplets with bile salts allows for the absorption of monoglycerides and fatty acids in the small intestine
- Micelles move to the small intestine cell, where monoglycerides and fatty acids cross the membrane and are repackaged with other substances
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Description
Test your knowledge of hepatic and gallbladder physiology with this quiz. Explore topics such as portal venous circulation, bile production and recycling, gallbladder function, neurohumoral control, liver metabolism, and the absorption and transportation of fats.
