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Questions and Answers
Who could potentially dominate under the successor to Henry VIII due to his family connection?
Who could potentially dominate under the successor to Henry VIII due to his family connection?
Henry VIII was known for his peaceful reign with no political rivalries.
Henry VIII was known for his peaceful reign with no political rivalries.
False
What was the fate of the Earl of Surrey?
What was the fate of the Earl of Surrey?
He was executed for treason.
Henry VIII reigned for almost _____ years.
Henry VIII reigned for almost _____ years.
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Match the following situations with their outcomes after Henry VIII's reign:
Match the following situations with their outcomes after Henry VIII's reign:
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Which aspect of government gained more importance during Henry VIII's reign?
Which aspect of government gained more importance during Henry VIII's reign?
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Henry VIII attended meetings of the Privy Council regularly.
Henry VIII attended meetings of the Privy Council regularly.
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Name one of the roles played by the Groom of the Stool.
Name one of the roles played by the Groom of the Stool.
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Henry VIII had over ______ houses, mostly within 30 kilometers of London.
Henry VIII had over ______ houses, mostly within 30 kilometers of London.
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Match the following aspects of Henry VIII's government with their descriptions:
Match the following aspects of Henry VIII's government with their descriptions:
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What was a significant difference between Henry VII and Henry VIII?
What was a significant difference between Henry VII and Henry VIII?
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Both Henry VII and Henry VIII prioritized securing the succession.
Both Henry VII and Henry VIII prioritized securing the succession.
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How many nights did Henry VIII spend outside royal palaces in 1526?
How many nights did Henry VIII spend outside royal palaces in 1526?
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What was one of Henry VIII's main actions upon becoming king?
What was one of Henry VIII's main actions upon becoming king?
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Henry VIII was known for maintaining peaceful relationships with all of his neighboring countries.
Henry VIII was known for maintaining peaceful relationships with all of his neighboring countries.
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Who did Henry VIII marry that helped retain the Anglo-Spanish connection?
Who did Henry VIII marry that helped retain the Anglo-Spanish connection?
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Who replaced the Archbishop of Canterbury after his death?
Who replaced the Archbishop of Canterbury after his death?
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The council that Henry VIII inherited consisted mainly of his father's old councillors, including Sir Thomas Lovell and __________.
The council that Henry VIII inherited consisted mainly of his father's old councillors, including Sir Thomas Lovell and __________.
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Match the following individuals with their roles during Henry VIII's reign:
Match the following individuals with their roles during Henry VIII's reign:
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Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn resulted in the birth of a son.
Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn resulted in the birth of a son.
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What was one consequence of Henry VIII's declaration of war with France?
What was one consequence of Henry VIII's declaration of war with France?
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What act declared Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon void?
What act declared Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon void?
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Wolsey initially had complete control over the Privy Chamber.
Wolsey initially had complete control over the Privy Chamber.
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The act that gave legislative force to royal supremacy is known as the Act of _____.
The act that gave legislative force to royal supremacy is known as the Act of _____.
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What was Wolsey’s main legal concern as Lord Chancellor?
What was Wolsey’s main legal concern as Lord Chancellor?
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Match the following acts with their purposes:
Match the following acts with their purposes:
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What was one outcome of the dissolution of the monasteries?
What was one outcome of the dissolution of the monasteries?
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Henry VIII's financial policy, known as the __________, was focused on raising extraordinary revenue from taxpayers.
Henry VIII's financial policy, known as the __________, was focused on raising extraordinary revenue from taxpayers.
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Catherine Howard was executed for her affair with Thomas Culpepper.
Catherine Howard was executed for her affair with Thomas Culpepper.
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Which of the following did Henry VIII do to assert his authority?
Which of the following did Henry VIII do to assert his authority?
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Which wife of Henry VIII died after giving birth to a male heir?
Which wife of Henry VIII died after giving birth to a male heir?
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Wolsey created the Court of Star Chamber to provide efficient and fair justice.
Wolsey created the Court of Star Chamber to provide efficient and fair justice.
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The death of ____ of Aragon in January 1536 made Anne Boleyn more vulnerable politically.
The death of ____ of Aragon in January 1536 made Anne Boleyn more vulnerable politically.
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Which campaign did Wolsey effectively manage, reflecting his organizational skills?
Which campaign did Wolsey effectively manage, reflecting his organizational skills?
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Henry VIII became king before he turned __________ years old.
Henry VIII became king before he turned __________ years old.
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What did the Act of Supremacy accomplish?
What did the Act of Supremacy accomplish?
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Match the following courts to their primary function:
Match the following courts to their primary function:
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Henry VIII's marriage changes were primarily supported by public opinion in England.
Henry VIII's marriage changes were primarily supported by public opinion in England.
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In what year did Anne Boleyn get executed?
In what year did Anne Boleyn get executed?
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The relationship between England and ____ was significantly altered due to Henry's actions.
The relationship between England and ____ was significantly altered due to Henry's actions.
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Which act made it treason to deny the validity of Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn?
Which act made it treason to deny the validity of Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn?
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What was the purpose of the Eltham Ordinances introduced by Wolsey?
What was the purpose of the Eltham Ordinances introduced by Wolsey?
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Wolsey was able to successfully annul Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
Wolsey was able to successfully annul Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
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What was the name of the grant introduced by Wolsey in 1525 that faced widespread resistance?
What was the name of the grant introduced by Wolsey in 1525 that faced widespread resistance?
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Henry VIII sought an annulment based on the belief that his marriage to Catherine was _____ in God's eyes.
Henry VIII sought an annulment based on the belief that his marriage to Catherine was _____ in God's eyes.
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Match each individual to their relevant role or action:
Match each individual to their relevant role or action:
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What was one consequence of the Pope sending Cardinal Campeggio to hear Henry's case?
What was one consequence of the Pope sending Cardinal Campeggio to hear Henry's case?
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Cromwell's rise to power led to the continuation of conciliar government.
Cromwell's rise to power led to the continuation of conciliar government.
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What document did Henry seek to support his claim for annulment and justify his divorce?
What document did Henry seek to support his claim for annulment and justify his divorce?
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The 'Reformation Parliament' took place between _____ and _____.
The 'Reformation Parliament' took place between _____ and _____.
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Which of the following actions did Cromwell NOT take regarding the Church?
Which of the following actions did Cromwell NOT take regarding the Church?
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Henry VIII's concerns about his marriage were primarily due to his desire for a male heir.
Henry VIII's concerns about his marriage were primarily due to his desire for a male heir.
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What consequence did the accusation of praemunire have for the clergy in 1531?
What consequence did the accusation of praemunire have for the clergy in 1531?
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Wolsey died after being arrested at _____ Abbey.
Wolsey died after being arrested at _____ Abbey.
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What was the main impact of the anticlerical sentiments expressed by Colet and Erasmus?
What was the main impact of the anticlerical sentiments expressed by Colet and Erasmus?
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Study Notes
Henry VIII's Government
- Henry VIII's government involved interacting elements: Council, Privy Chamber, and Court.
- The Privy Chamber, especially the Groom of the Stool, held growing influence.
- Individuals could hold positions in multiple government bodies.
- Henry VIII frequently travelled, often outside 18 miles of London, especially during summer months.
- The Privy Council handled daily affairs, but Henry did not attend meetings.
Similarities/Differences between Henry VII and Henry VIII
- Similarities: Both prioritized succession and largely maintained peaceful relations, except with France. Both utilized noble support.
- Differences: Henry VII was more financially cautious. Henry VIII pursued aggressive foreign policy and was less directly involved in day-to-day governmental functions, particularly financial management.
Changes Made by Henry VIII
- Removal of Empson and Dudley, abolition of the Council Learned in the Law.
- Marriage to Catherine of Aragon, maintaining Anglo-Spanish ties.
- Declaration of war with France, aiming for martial glory and exploiting the desires of nobles.
Henry VIII's Early Government Actions (1509-1514)
- Inherited a council composed of his father's advisors (Lovell, Warham, Fisher, Howard, Heron, Fox).
- Quickly pursued popularity by executing unpopular Empson and Dudley.
- Executed Edward IV's nephew, Edmund de la Pole, showing his determination to maintain rule.
- Maintained many of his father's financial instruments, but sometimes took action against them
- Faced initial resistance from advisors due to the aggressive foreign policy he pursued.
Wolsey and the End of Government By Councils
- Henry's dissatisfaction with councilors' war hesitancy contributed to the changing government approach.
- Growing personal control by Henry, accompanied by trust in like-minded young advisors.
- Wolsey's organizational skills impressed Henry and positioned him to be a significant figure and dominate political decision-making.
Privy Chamber
- The Privy Chamber, a body exclusive to the king, largely existed outside Wolsey's control.
- Henry VIII's favored attendants ('minions') comprised the Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber, often dissenting with Wolsey.
- Despite Wolsey's attempts, the Privy Chamber maintained considerable influence.
Wolsey's Courts
- Court of Chancery: Wolsey, the Lord Chancellor, aimed for fair justice but faced problems with case backlog.
- Court of Star Chamber: Wolsey expanded its use for quicker, cheaper justice, including private lawsuits, but its popularity led to further tribunals.
Wolsey's Financial Policies
- Tudor Subsidies: More effective revenue collection, with Wolsey centralizing assessment.
- Amicable Grant: Largely unsuccessful attempt at unparliamentary taxation, causing widespread opposition.
- Eltham Ordinances: Reduced royal household spending and Privy Chamber personnel (Groom of the Stool).
The "King's Great Matter"
- Henry VIII's frustration with Catherine of Aragon's inability to produce a male heir led to the 'King's Great Matter' or the divorce issue.
- Anne Boleyn's refusal to be a mistress emphasized the need for an annulment.
- Wolsey's failure to secure the annulment marked his eventual downfall.
Fall of Wolsey
- Wolsey's unpopularity from prior financial policies, including the Amicable Grant and subsidy.
- The failure to secure the annulment led to his arrest and death.
Domestic Policies Under Cromwell
- Cromwell's rise to power led to a significant shift in government structure.
- Reduced the role of the Royal Household.
- Cromwell's new importance as secretary and leader of a state bureaucracy.
- Increased power, significance and role of Parliament.
The Break from Rome
- Achieved primarily through statute law, establishing the superiority of parliamentary legislation.
Cromwell's Challenges and the Church's Weakness
- Humanist criticisms, and anticlerical satire weakened the Church.
- Challenges to Church authority, like the arguments of Christopher St German.
- Historical documents like the Collectanea Satis Copiosa provided justification for Henry's divorce.
Pressuring the Pope
- Accusation of praemunire to the clergy.
- Acts limiting Papal revenue (Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates).
- Supplication against the Ordinaries showing anti-clerical sentiment in Parliament.
- Formal submission to the king.
Henry's Marriage to Anne Boleyn
- Anne's pregnancy led to Henry's open defiance of the Pope.
- Archbishop Cranmer's role in the annulment.
- Anne's execution marked a tragedy and point of vulnerability.
Key Acts
- Act in Restraint of Appeals: Established royal supremacy, forbidding appeals to Rome.
- Act of Succession: Declared Henry's marriage to Catherine void, secured succession through Anne's descendants.
- Act of Supremacy: Established the King as head of the English Church.
- Treason Act: Expanded treason definition.
- Act of Annexing First Fruits and Tenths: Increased clerical financial burden on the king.
Dissolution of the Monasteries
- Removal of monasteries from 1536 to 1542.
- Vast church lands added to the Crown's wealth.
Fall of Anne Boleyn and Cromwell
- Failure to successfully manage Henry marital affairs led to Cromwell's eventual downfall.
- Accusations of adultery and infidelity led to execution.
Later Marriages and Political Rivalries
- Marriages to Jane Seymour, Catherine Howard, and Katherine Parr.
- Political rivalries intensified as Henry's health deteriorated, strengthening different factions.
- Norfolk and Seymour's struggle for influence in the last months.
- Norfolk's death in 1547.
Succession Act of 1544
- Secured the succession of Edward VI, Mary, and Elizabeth in that order.
- Removed competing claimants, like the infant Mary Queen of Scots
Henry VIII's Summary
- Henry VIII oversaw almost 38 years of change.
- Actions had profound and lasting consequences on England, although interpreted differently.
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Description
Explore the complexities of Henry VIII's government structure, including the influence of the Privy Chamber and the roles within the Privy Council. Discover the similarities and differences between Henry VII and Henry VIII, especially in their approaches to succession and foreign policy. Learn about the significant changes initiated by Henry VIII.
