Henry Stimson & Philippine Commonwealth History

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Questions and Answers

What was a significant factor that influenced the push for Philippine independence after World War II?

Economic struggles faced by the U.S. (correct)

Expansion of American colonial interests

The success of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill

The establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth

Who was the President of the Philippines during the establishment of the Commonwealth in 1935?

Manuel L. Quezon (correct)

Leonard Wood

Henry Stimson

Sergio Osmeña

What significant event disrupted the Philippines' path to independence planned for 1945?

The signing of the Tydings-McDuffie Act

The Great Depression

The rise of Filipino nationalism

The Japanese Occupation (correct)

What act provided a gradual path to Philippine independence in 1934?

Tydings-McDuffie Act Signup and view all the answers

What role did Henry Stimson have following Governor General Leonard Wood's death?

Governor General Signup and view all the answers

Which economic issue faced the Philippines during the Tydings-McDuffie Act's implementation?

Restrictions on sugar exports Signup and view all the answers

What preparations did General Douglas MacArthur undertake in anticipation of Japanese invasion?

Organizing the Philippine Commonwealth Army Signup and view all the answers

When did Japan attack Pearl Harbor, initiating broader conflict in the Pacific?

December 7, 1941 Signup and view all the answers

What event significantly changed the trajectory of Amorsolo's early life?

The death of his father at a young age Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Amorsolo's artistic style during the Japanese occupation is accurate?

It reflected the brutality and suffering of the Filipino people. Signup and view all the answers

How did Amorsolo's educational background contribute to his career?

It enriched his techniques and broadened his artistic vision. Signup and view all the answers

What does the artwork 'A Family Resting Under the Mango Shade' symbolize?

The tranquility and simplicity of rural life. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key factor in the success of Amorsolo's painting 'Leyendo el Periodico'?

It won second place in a competition. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Amorsolo's art during the American period?

Romanticized portrayals of rural Filipino life. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Amorsolo's family background in shaping his career?

He was influenced by creative relatives, fostering his early interest in art. Signup and view all the answers

During which historical period did Amorsolo's artistic style undergo a significant transformation?

Japanese occupation Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for Manila being declared an 'Open City'?

To prevent destruction during invasion. Signup and view all the answers

What significant event followed the surrender of Bataan?

The Bataan Death March. Signup and view all the answers

Which organization was created as part of Japan's efforts to legitimize its control over the Philippines?

KALIBAPI. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major consequences of the liberation battle for Manila in 1945?

It resulted in widespread destruction. Signup and view all the answers

Who famously vowed, 'I shall return'?

General MacArthur. Signup and view all the answers

What was the perception of most Filipinos towards Japan's offer of quick independence?

It was viewed as propaganda. Signup and view all the answers

Which battle was a significant turning point for the U.S. forces in the Philippines during World War II?

Battle of Leyte. Signup and view all the answers

What artistic legacy encapsulated the devastation in the Philippines during World War II?

Artworks of Fernando Amorsolo. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Henry Stimson & The Commonwealth Period

After Governor General Leonard Wood's death, Henry Stimson took over.
Stimson struggled to balance American colonial interests with Filipino desires for independence.
The Commonwealth period followed World War I and global political shifts.
The Great Depression in 1929 significantly impacted the Philippines.
The economic downturn in the U.S. reduced support for the Philippines and influenced its push for independence.
President Manuel L. Quezon opposed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill, pushing for the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934.
The Tydings-McDuffie Act promised gradual independence but faced economic challenges.
The Philippine Commonwealth was established in 1935 with Quezon as President and Sergio Osmeña as Vice President.
The goal was full independence by 1945, but World War II interrupted these plans.

Japanese Occupation

General Douglas MacArthur anticipated conflict and prepared the Philippine Commonwealth Army.
After Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, Manila was declared an "Open City" to avoid destruction.
Quezon's government retreated to Corregidor Island.
The surrender of Bataan in April 1942 led to the Bataan Death March.
Guerrilla groups resisted Japanese occupation throughout the Philippines.
Japan attempted to justify its occupation by offering quick independence, but Filipinos perceived it as propaganda.
The creation of KALIBAPI and the installation of a puppet government under President Jose P. Laurel in 1943 aimed to legitimize Japanese control.

Liberation and Aftermath

The tide of the war turned in 1944 with MacArthur's return to the Philippines.
The landing in Leyte in October 1944 initiated the liberation campaign.
President Quezon died in August 1944, unable to witness the return of freedom.
The Battle for Manila in 1945 was destructive and left the city among the most devastated in World War II.
General MacArthur declared the liberation of the Philippines on July 4, 1945.
Japan's formal surrender on September 2, 1945, marked the end of hostilities.
The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki led to Japan's surrender.
The Philippines faced the immense challenge of rebuilding from the destruction caused by the war.

Fernando Amorsolo's Biography

Born on May 30, 1892, in Daet, Camarines Norte.
His artistic journey started early under the influence of his uncle, Fabian dela Rosa, a painter.
He became an apprentice to his uncle at the University of the Philippines at the age of 13.
His family faced hardships: the loss of his older brother during the revolution and his father's death at 11.
They moved to Manila seeking better opportunities.

Fernando Amorsolo's Art

Amorsolo's career took off after his painting "Leyendo el Periodico" won second place in 1908.
He studied at Academia de San Fernando in Madrid, supported by Enrique Zobel de Ayala, enriching his techniques and artistic vision.
He was known for romanticized depictions of rural Filipino life during the American period.
His style evolved to reflect the darker realities of Japanese occupation and the aftermath of war.

Analysis of Amorsolo's Work

"A Family Resting Under the Mango Shade" captures a typical provincial scene, representing a tranquil and simple life.
The painting reflects the pre-war themes of peace and connection to nature.
Amorsolo's art served as a visual documentation of hardship and suffering endured by the Filipino people.
His works provide a visual contrast between the romanticized rural scenes of pre-war times and the harsh realities of the Japanese occupation.

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Description

Explore the pivotal events during the Commonwealth period in the Philippines under Henry Stimson's administration. Understand the influence of American colonial interests, the impact of the Great Depression, and the struggle for independence leading up to World War II. This quiz covers the significant political movements and key figures of the era.