Circulatory system
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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between positive and negative blood types?

  • Higher platelet count in positive blood types
  • Presence of Rh protein in positive blood types (correct)
  • Lack of antibodies in negative blood types
  • Absence of leukocytes in negative blood types

    • Which leukocyte type is known for being phagocytic specialists and going through NETosis to kill nearby bacteria?

  • Basophils
  • Monocytes
  • Eosinophils
  • Neutrophils (correct)

    • What is the main function of eosinophils in the immune system?

  • Attach to cells and secrete substances to kill them during allergic reaction (correct)
  • Directly destroy target cells
  • Produce antibodies
  • Kill bacteria using NETosis

    • Which blood cell type synthesizes and stores histamines and heparin?

    <p>Basophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of lymphocytes in the immune system?

    <p>Produce antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell fragments are shed from megakaryocytes to help in blood clotting?

    <p>Thrombocytes (platelets)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during NETosis in neutrophils?

    <p>Release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are B and T lymphocytes responsible for in the immune response?

    <p><strong>Producing antibodies</strong> and directly destroying target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of thrombopoietin in the process of platelet production?

    <p>Increase the number of megakaryocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plasma protein adheres to exposed collagen to initiate clot formation?

    <p>vWf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin during clot formation?

    <p>Thrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strengthens and stabilizes the meshwork of fibrin in clot formation?

    <p>Factor XIII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for dissolving the clot?

    <p>Plasmin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during clot retraction in the process of hemostasis?

    <p>Platelets contract and shrink, causing the mesh to also shrink</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does factor X play in the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Converts prothrombin into thrombin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the precursor of plasmin that is responsible for dissolving clots?

    <p>Plasminogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary stimulus for promoting erythropoiesis?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of renal anaemia?

    <p>Kidney disease affecting erythropoietin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anaemia is characterized by an excess of erythrocytes?

    <p>Polycythaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a person with blood type O receives a blood transfusion of blood type A?

    <p>Agglutination and rupture of RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood type can be transfused into people with any blood type?

    <p>Type O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of sickle cell disease?

    <p>Inability to carry oxygen due to sickled RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when Rh-positive blood is transfused into an Rh-negative individual?

    <p>Agglutination and rupture of RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes ABO blood types from each other?

    <p>Antigens on the surface of RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is responsible for secreting erythropoietin to stimulate erythropoiesis?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme converts CO2 into HCO3- for transport in erythrocytes?

    <p>Carbonic anhydrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are responsible for the removal of old erythrocytes in the body?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of plasma contributes to colloid osmotic pressure?

    <p>Albumins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stem cell gives rise to erythroblasts during the development of erythrocytes?

    <p>Myeloid stem cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is essential for the formation of a fibrin meshwork in clots?

    <p>Fibrinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone controls the magnitude of erythropoiesis by regulating erythropoietin release?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for a free-floating clot?

    <p>Embolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition is excessive bleeding observed due to a deficiency in clotting factors?

    <p>Hemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor determines the flow of blood through a vessel?

    <p>Vascular resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the friction between fluid molecules as they slide over each other?

    <p>Viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the condition where there is an excess of red blood cells in the circulation?

    <p>Polycythemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes a decrease in blood flow through a vessel as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Increased viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results from an insufficient number of red blood cells or hemoglobin?

    <p>Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called in which neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps to kill nearby bacteria?

    <p>NETosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of eosinophils in the immune system?

    <p>Eosinophils attach to cells and secrete substances to kill them, particularly in allergic conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do basophils and mast cells synthesize and store that play a role in inflammatory responses?

    <p>Histamines and heparin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do monocytes develop into as they continue to mature?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for shedding cell fragments known as platelets or thrombocytes?

    <p>Megakaryocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of stopping bleeding through blood clot formation?

    <p>Haemostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the precursor molecule that is responsible for dissolving clots in the body?

    <p>Plasmin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor plays a crucial role in the coagulation cascade by activating prothrombin to thrombin?

    <p>Factor X</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone regulates the production of platelets by stimulating the proliferation of megakaryocytes?

    <p>Thrombopoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fibres made of chromatin and antimicrobial proteins released by neutrophils during NETosis?

    <p>Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basophils synthesize and store histamines and insulin.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During NETosis, neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps to kill nearby bacteria.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets are responsible for secreting antibodies in the immune system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monocytes become professional phagocytes as they mature.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymphocytes directly destroy target cells in the immune system.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

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