Hemostasis and Plasma Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of plasma proteins such as albumin?

  • Maintain osmotic pressure (correct)
  • Initiate the coagulation cascade
  • Identify pathogens for destruction
  • Transport nutrients only

    • Which component reinforces the platelet plug during primary hemostasis?

  • Red blood cells
  • Globulins
  • Calcium ions
  • Fibrin (correct)

    • In adult humans, which area is primarily responsible for hematopoiesis?

  • Pelvis, ribs, vertebrae, and sternum (correct)
  • All skeletal bones
  • Long bones only
  • Pelvis and ribs only

    • What do myeloid stem cells primarily produce?

    <p>Red blood cells and platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about stem cells is FALSE?

    <p>They only differentiate into red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process activates clotting factors in blood plasma during secondary hemostasis?

    <p>Clotting cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many platelets does the adult bone marrow produce daily under normal conditions?

    <p>175 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do globulins play in blood plasma?

    <p>They label pathogens for destruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the symptoms observed in sickle cell anemia?

    <p>Unusual shape of red blood cells causing blockages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of treatment is commonly used for thalassemia?

    <p>Blood transfusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by the bone marrow producing too many red blood cells?

    <p>Polycythemia vera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aplastic anemia primarily develop?

    <p>Damage to the bone marrow from various factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom experienced during episodes of sickle cell anemia?

    <p>Extreme pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could result from polycythemia vera due to thickened blood?

    <p>Increased risk of heart attack or stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes the enlarged spleen associated with thalassemia?

    <p>Storage of abnormal red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of treatment might be necessary for polycythemia vera?

    <p>Blood removal from the veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the mechanism of damage in aplastic anemia?

    <p>Failure of bone marrow to produce blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the treatment involving blood transfusions in sickle cell anemia?

    <p>To replace defective red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct frequency for monitoring vital signs after thrombolytic therapy is initiated?

    <p>Every 15 minutes for 2 hours, then every 2 hours for 4 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom might indicate the presence of a pulmonary embolism?

    <p>Pleuritic chest pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does respiratory alkalosis most likely result from in a patient experiencing hyperventilation?

    <p>Increased carbon dioxide elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication can arise from thrombolytic therapy?

    <p>Pulmonary hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended action in the management of patients undergoing thrombolytic therapy?

    <p>Perform invasive procedures as needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological response might a patient experience that suggests anxiety during treatment?

    <p>Feeling of impending doom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of assessing one leg for redness, warmth, and inflammation?

    <p>To identify potential thrombus formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lab test is required every 6 hours after thrombolytics are started?

    <p>Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What general principle should be followed regarding patient positioning during treatment?

    <p>Patients should avoid crossing their legs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention is crucial for emergency management of a patient showing signs like dyspnea and anxiety?

    <p>Provide immediate oxygen therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of conducting an indirect Coombs' test?

    <p>To detect the presence of antibodies against red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main risk that RhoGAM protects against in Rh negative pregnant mothers?

    <p>Hemolytic disease of the newborn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the relationship between the Rh factor and blood compatibility?

    <p>Rh negative individuals can donate blood to Rh positive individuals without complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would a mother typically receive RhoGAM?

    <p>When she is Rh negative, carrying an Rh positive baby, and during her first pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can result from Rh incompatibility between a mother and her baby?

    <p>Hemolytic disease of the newborn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is represented by a platelet count of 150,000 or less?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) in treatment?

    <p>To provide clotting factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is NOT typically associated with anemia from low hemoglobin levels?

    <p>Increased energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical platelet count level that could be considered deadly?

    <p>50,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition requires caution when administering platelets due to a lack of clotting factors?

    <p>Hemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A hemoglobin level below what value indicates a risky situation requiring immediate attention?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following would NOT typically be a symptom of low hemoglobin (Hgb) levels?

    <p>Jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition typically results in low platelet counts?

    <p>Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about low clotting factors is true?

    <p>They result in an increased risk of bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The combination of which two components is essential for effective blood clotting?

    <p>Platelets and Fresh Frozen Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hemostasis

    • First step in the process of stopping bleeding
    • Involves primary hemostasis (platelet plug formation) and secondary hemostasis (fibrin mesh reinforcement)
    • Primary hemostasis: Platelets adhere to exposed collagen, release granules to activate coagulation factors, and form a platelet plug
    • Secondary hemostasis: Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin, forming a mesh that reinforces the platelet plug
    • This process requires clotting factors, primarily fibrinogen

    Plasma

    • The liquid portion of blood after cellular elements are removed
    • Composition: 90% water, plasma proteins (albumin & globulins), clotting factors (fibrinogen), nutrients, enzymes, waste products
    • Albumin: Maintains osmotic pressure, transports fatty acids, hormones, and medications
    • Globulins: Label pathogens for destruction
    • Clotting factors remain inactive until activated by the clotting cascade

    Bone Marrow

    • The primary site of hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)
    • Stem cells are primitive cells that self-replicate and differentiate into myeloid or lymphoid stem cells
    • Myeloid stem cells produce red blood cells (RBCs), non-lymphoid white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets
    • Lymphoid stem cells produce T and B lymphocytes
    • Dysfunctional stem cells may respond inadequately or excessively (e.g., leukemia)
    • Bone marrow produces around 175 billion RBCs, 70 billion WBCs, and 175 billion platelets daily

    Aplastic Anemia

    • Cause: Bone marrow damage due to radiation, chemotherapy, toxic chemicals, or congenital factors
    • Treatment: Blood transfusion or bone marrow transplant

    Sickle Cell Anemia

    • Cause: Abnormal sickle shape of RBCs, hindering blood flow and oxygen transport
    • Treatment: Blood transfusion and supportive therapy (hydration, opioids, medications)
    • Can lead to painful episodes due to RBC clumping and blockage

    Thalassemia

    • Genetic mutation preventing normal hemoglobin production
    • Causes anemia, enlarged spleen due to filtering misshapen RBCs
    • Treatment: Blood transfusion

    Polycythemia Vera

    • Genetic mutation causing excessive RBC production, leading to blood thickening
    • Increases risk of blood clots, heart attack, and stroke
    • Treatment: Blood removal from veins, may lead to enlarged spleen due to filtering excess blood

    Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

    • Occurs when uncontrolled clotting consumes clotting factors and platelets, leading to excessive bleeding
    • Characterized by low hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, low platelet count, and prolonged clotting times
    • Leads to clotting in small blood vessels, organ damage, and shock

    Thrombocytopenia

    • Low platelet count often caused by cancers and certain anemias
    • 150,000 or less platelets: May require platelet transfusion
    • 50,000 or less: Deadly

    Fresh Frozen Plasma

    • Contains clotting factors that help form clots and stop bleeding
    • Given to clients with:
      • Low clotting factors (e.g., hemophilia)
      • Liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis or hepatitis)

    Rh (D) Factor

    • Antibodies on the surface of red blood cells, either positive or negative
    • Indirect Coombs test is used to determine Rh factor
    • Rh-negative pregnant mothers receiving Rh-positive blood may develop antibodies that attack the fetus's Rh-positive blood cells
    • RhoGAM is given to Rh-negative pregnant mothers to prevent Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)

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    Module 4: Clotting and Comorbidities PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential processes of hemostasis and the components of plasma. This quiz covers primary and secondary hemostasis, the roles of platelets and clotting factors, as well as the functions of plasma proteins and the bone marrow's role in blood cell formation. Test your knowledge on these fundamental aspects of human physiology!

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