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Questions and Answers
What type of agents are Combat hauze, Hemcon dressing, and Celox?
At which level of spinal cord injury is neurogenic shock most likely to occur?
What is the typical volume of blood loss that precedes the appearance of shock symptoms?
What is the first sign of late shock?
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Why does a neurogenic shock patient often look better than their actual condition?
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Study Notes
Hemostatic Agents
- Combat hauze, Hemcon dressing, and Celox are hemostatic agents.
Neurogenic Shock
- Typically occurs after an injury to the spinal cord at the sixth thoracic vertebra or above.
- The SNS is shut down, resulting in no vasoconstriction.
- Clinical presentation:
- No pale skin, no tachycardia, and no sweating (due to lack of catecholamine release).
- Normal or slow heart rate, decreased blood pressure, warm, dry, and pink skin.
- May have accompanying paralysis.
- Patients may look better than their actual condition.
Hypovolemic Shock
- Can be considered as mechanical shock.
- Signs of shock appear after losing 1 L of blood.
- First sign of late shock is hypotension.
- Clinical presentation:
- Pale skin, thready pulse (weak radial pulse), flat neck vein, tachycardia, and sweating.
Obstructive Shock
- Can be caused by:
- Tension pneumothorax.
- Cardiac tamponade.
- Massive pulmonary embolism.
Tension Pneumothorax
- Clinical presentation:
- Agitated, cyanosis, decreased level of consciousness.
- Decreased or absent breath sounds on the affected side.
- Hyper-resonance to percussion.
- JVD and tracheal deviation (as a late sign).
- Possible subcutaneous emphysema.
- Needle decompression is indicated when:
- Absent radial pulse, cyanosis, and loss of consciousness.
Cardiac Tamponade
- Clinical presentation:
- Trachea midline, normal breath sound.
- Hypotension, narrow pulse pressure.
- Beck's triad: JVD, pulses paradoxus, and muffled heart sound.
TXA
- Should be given as early as possible.
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Description
Important notes on hemorrhage and shock, including hemostatic agents, types of shock, and their signs and symptoms
