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What is the main function of baroreceptors in the cardiovascular system?
What is the main function of baroreceptors in the cardiovascular system?
What triggers the CNS ischemic response?
What triggers the CNS ischemic response?
What mechanism does the body use for long-term blood pressure regulation?
What mechanism does the body use for long-term blood pressure regulation?
What is orthostatic hypotension characterized by?
What is orthostatic hypotension characterized by?
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Which baroreceptor has a lower limit of response?
Which baroreceptor has a lower limit of response?
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What occurs during the body's response to hemorrhage?
What occurs during the body's response to hemorrhage?
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What is the role of the vasomotor center during a CNS ischemic response?
What is the role of the vasomotor center during a CNS ischemic response?
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What is a primary advantage of using normal saline in hemodynamic measurements?
What is a primary advantage of using normal saline in hemodynamic measurements?
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What is a common consequence of baroreceptor adaptation after prolonged high blood pressure?
What is a common consequence of baroreceptor adaptation after prolonged high blood pressure?
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According to Poiseuille's Law, which factors primarily determine blood flow?
According to Poiseuille's Law, which factors primarily determine blood flow?
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What is one clinical consequence of turbulent flow in blood vessels?
What is one clinical consequence of turbulent flow in blood vessels?
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What measure is used to calculate resistance to flow according to Poiseuille's Law?
What measure is used to calculate resistance to flow according to Poiseuille's Law?
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How does a decrease in blood vessel diameter affect flow?
How does a decrease in blood vessel diameter affect flow?
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What condition is primarily indicated by increased capillary pressure due to venous obstruction?
What condition is primarily indicated by increased capillary pressure due to venous obstruction?
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Which condition could lead to increased turbulence in blood flow?
Which condition could lead to increased turbulence in blood flow?
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What effect does anemia have on blood flow in relation to turbulence?
What effect does anemia have on blood flow in relation to turbulence?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of decreased plasma proteins?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of decreased plasma proteins?
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What risk is associated with the procedure of injecting normal saline into the right atrium?
What risk is associated with the procedure of injecting normal saline into the right atrium?
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What mechanism helps facilitate venous return through the contraction of leg muscles?
What mechanism helps facilitate venous return through the contraction of leg muscles?
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Which factor contributes to increased capillary permeability?
Which factor contributes to increased capillary permeability?
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What is the typical range for central venous pressure (CVP)?
What is the typical range for central venous pressure (CVP)?
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Which of the following describes the hydrostatic pressure in veins while a person is standing erect?
Which of the following describes the hydrostatic pressure in veins while a person is standing erect?
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What role does the abdomino-thoracic pumping mechanism play in venous return?
What role does the abdomino-thoracic pumping mechanism play in venous return?
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What condition is indicated by increased venous pressure in the extremities when a person is standing still?
What condition is indicated by increased venous pressure in the extremities when a person is standing still?
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What does compliance measure in blood vessels?
What does compliance measure in blood vessels?
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As the aorta ages, what change in compliance is typically observed?
As the aorta ages, what change in compliance is typically observed?
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Which factors primarily influence pulse pressure?
Which factors primarily influence pulse pressure?
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Which equation accurately describes Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
Which equation accurately describes Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
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What role does microcirculation primarily serve?
What role does microcirculation primarily serve?
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What primarily contributes to controlling blood flow in microcirculation?
What primarily contributes to controlling blood flow in microcirculation?
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Which factors are known to affect blood pressure?
Which factors are known to affect blood pressure?
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Acute control in the microcirculation occurs within which timeframe?
Acute control in the microcirculation occurs within which timeframe?
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What primarily causes osmosis of fluid inward through the capillary membrane?
What primarily causes osmosis of fluid inward through the capillary membrane?
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Which factor does NOT typically influence the rate of diffusion?
Which factor does NOT typically influence the rate of diffusion?
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What is the role of plasma proteins in the context of osmotic pressure?
What is the role of plasma proteins in the context of osmotic pressure?
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What occurs when there is elevated capillary pressure?
What occurs when there is elevated capillary pressure?
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Which of the following substances primarily determines the permeability of capillaries?
Which of the following substances primarily determines the permeability of capillaries?
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What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
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What condition results from abnormal capillary dynamics leading to excess interstitial fluid?
What condition results from abnormal capillary dynamics leading to excess interstitial fluid?
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Which factor does NOT increase lymph flow rate?
Which factor does NOT increase lymph flow rate?
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Study Notes
Hemodynamics
- Hemodynamics are the physical principles of pressure, flow, resistance, and compliance that relate to the cardiovascular system.
- Flow is proportional to the pressure difference between the ends of the tube.
- Blood flow is most affected by pressure difference and radius of the blood vessel.
- Blood viscosity is measured by hematocrit.
- High hematocrit = higher friction.
- Resistance depends on the diameter of the blood vessels.
Streamlined vs Turbulent Flow
- Streamlined flow is orderly and silent with low resistance, it is characterized by concentric layers of fluid slipping past each other.
- Turbulent flow is chaotic and disorganized, cross-currents form.
- Turbulent flow can damage platelets and cause blood clots.
- Turbulent flow can be caused by constricted blood vessels, a narrowing of a heart valve, increased flow rate (pregnancy, hyperthyroidism), or decreased viscosity (anemia).
Factors Affecting Turbulence
- High flow velocity.
- Vascular resistance.
Arterial System
- The arterial system converts intermittent flow generated by the heart to a virtual steady flow through the capillaries.
- Compliance is the ability of vessels to expand in proportion to pressure.
- Compliance decreases with age.
- Veins have a greater volume capacity than arteries.
Systolic and Diastolic Pressures
- The pressure in the arterial system rises and falls with each beat of the heart.
- Pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures (SBP - DBP).
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
- MAP is the average pressure in the arterial system over a single cardiac cycle.
- MAP is determined by the volume of blood in the arterial system and is calculated as DBP + (SBP-DBP)/3.
Factors Affecting Blood Pressure
- Age
- Gender
- Diet
- Weight
- Pregnancy
- Behaviors (smoking, alcohol intake, illicit drugs, medications)
Microcirculation
- Microcirculation is the network of tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins.
- They exchange nutrients, water, gases, hormones, and waste products.
- Exchanges are accomplished by diffusion and bulk flow.
Local Control of Blood Flow
- Flow is controlled in proportion to individual tissue needs.
- Greater metabolism = Greater blood flow.
Acute Control of Blood Flow
- Occurs through auto-regulation and vasomotion.
- Occurs within seconds to minutes.
- Decreases in oxygen (decreased [O2] ) make vessels relax and increase blood flow.
Effect of Molecular Size
- Permeability of capillaries varies according to molecular diameters, permeability of capillaries differ in different tissues.
Effect of Concentration Difference
- The net rate of diffusion is proportional to the concentration difference.
Bulk Flow
- Move more water and dissolved substances through membranes than diffusion alone.
- It is caused by hydrostatic pressure differences.
Osmotic Pressure Differences
- Osmotic pressure is exerted by substances that cannot move through capillary membrane.
- Exerted by plasma proteins.
Factors that Determine Fluid Movement
- Capillary pressure pushes fluid outward through capillary membranes.
- Interstitial fluid pressure makes fluid move outward.
- Plasma colloid osmotic pressure moves fluid inward.
- Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure moves fluid outward.
Lymphatic System
- It is an accessory route used to return fluid from interstitial spaces to the blood.
- It also transports proteins and large particulate matter.
- It is important in fighting bacterial infections.
Formation of Lymph
- Derived from interstitial fluid that flows into the lymphatics.
Determinants of Lymph Flow Rate
- Interstitial fluid pressure is affected by elevated capillary pressure, decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure, increased interstitial fluid proteins, and increased capillary permeability.
- The lymphatic pump pushes lymph forward.
Edema
- Edema is excess interstitial fluid in the tissues.
- Edema is caused by abnormal capillary dynamics.
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Description
This quiz covers the principles of hemodynamics, including the concepts of pressure, flow, and resistance in the cardiovascular system. It also explores the differences between streamlined and turbulent flow, and the factors that influence turbulence. Test your understanding of these essential cardiovascular mechanics.
