Hematopoiesis and Bone Marrow Structure

They give rise to all blood cells through self-renewal and differentiation.

Erythrocytes originate from the myeloid stem cells, specifically from the erythroid progenitor cells (CFU-E).

Cytokines, hormones, growth factors, and nutrients are key regulators.

<p>EPO promotes erythroid proliferation and differentiation and is stimulated by tissue hypoxia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are the precursors for neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is involved in stimulating granulocyte production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nutrients such as iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid are crucial for the production of blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid hormones increase hemoglobin levels and consequently stimulate erythropoiesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One cell replaces the stem cell (self-renewal), and the other commits to differentiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphoid stem cells differentiate into B and T lymphocytes through intermediate stages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hematopoiesis occurs in the yolk sac (0-2 months), liver and spleen (2-7 months), and bone marrow (5-9 months).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two main components of bone marrow are red marrow (parenchymal tissue) and stromal supportive tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extramedullary hematopoiesis is the production of blood cells outside the bone marrow, typically occurring in severe cases such as chronic anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The major cell types associated with erythropoiesis include stem cells, CFUE, and various stages of erythroblasts, culminating in reticulocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three blood cell lineages are erythrocytes (RBC), leucocytes (WBC), and thrombocytes (platelets).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hematopoietic stem cells serve as the precursors for all blood cell types, capable of differentiating into various committed progenitor cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hematopoietic areas in the bones are replaced by fat cells when there is low demand for blood cell production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In adults, hematopoiesis occurs in the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull, pelvic bones, and proximal ends of long bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red blood cell indices are important for assessing the size, volume, and hemoglobin concentration of RBCs, aiding in diagnosing conditions like anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased demand for blood cell production triggers the conversion of yellow fatty marrow into active red marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macrophages are involved in storing iron, denaturing aged red cells, releasing cytokines for hemopoiesis control, and providing defense mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythropoiesis involves multiple stages of mitotic divisions leading to the expulsion of the nucleus from orthochromatic normoblasts, forming reticulocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A low reticulocyte count indicates decreased red cell production or ineffective erythropoiesis in the bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The normal reticulocyte count is between 0.5-2.5%, and it is important for assessing erythropoietic activity in the bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MCV is calculated using the formula MCV = Htc (PCV) / Red cell count and it signifies the average volume of red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypochromic red blood cells have an MCH value of less than 27 pg, while normochromic cells have an MCH value between 27-32 pg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MCHC represents the average concentration of hemoglobin per unit volume of red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RDW indicates the degree of variation in red cell size, where increased RDW reflects anisopoikilocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Main assessments include hematocrit, hemoglobin (Hb), CBC, blood film, reticulocyte count, bone marrow aspirate, and genetic tests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mature erythrocytes are round, biconcave discs measuring about 7 to 8 μm in diameter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Megakaryocyte stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thermoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They self-renew and differentiate into various blood cell lineages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sinusoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe anemia or blood disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythroblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spleen-derived growth factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differentiate into mature blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Includes four main parenchymal cell types</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased demand for blood cell production</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5-9 months in bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chondrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They transform into adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lead to extramedullary hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers