Hematology Tests Overview
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Questions and Answers

What does a high erythrocyte count typically indicate in a hematology test?

  • Polycythemia vera (correct)
  • Anemia
  • Leukemia
  • Hemorrhage

    • Which of the following factors can interfere with the results of a Complete Blood Count (CBC)?

  • Hydration status (correct)
  • Chronic respiratory disease
  • Excessive physical activity (correct)
  • Recent surgery

    • Which of the following conditions is associated with microcytic anemia as indicated in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) results?

  • Iron deficiency (correct)
  • Cirrhosis of the liver
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency
  • Dehydration

    • What is the primary function of hemoglobin (Hgb) in red blood cells?

    <p>To transport oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a lower than normal myoglobin level suggest?

    <p>Normal muscle function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reason for a higher hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV)?

    <p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient shows increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) levels. Which condition could this indicate?

    <p>Macrocytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about hematocrit testing is true?

    <p>Hematocrit is a measure of red cell volume as a fraction of total blood volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is commonly associated with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia due to liver infiltration?

    <p>Sarcoidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary symptom of conjugated hyperbilirubinemia that differentiates it from unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia?

    <p>Dark urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following infections is linked with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia?

    <p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most likely to cause biliary obstruction leading to conjugated hyperbilirubinemia?

    <p>Pancreatic cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory finding indicates the presence of chronic liver disease along with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia?

    <p>Spider angiomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is least likely to indicate conjugated hyperbilirubinemia?

    <p>High blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context might bilirubin testing be particularly indicated?

    <p>Signs of abnormal liver function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anemia is characterized by low hemoglobin with normal mean cell volume (MCV)?

    <p>Normocytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)?

    <p>Progressive inflammation and scarring of bile ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common cause of normocytic anemia?

    <p>Aplastic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in mcg/L?

    <p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition does NOT result in lower platelet counts (thrombocytopenia)?

    <p>Polycythemia vera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test measures clotting times and is affected by vitamin K levels?

    <p>Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can cause elevated blood glucose levels?

    <p>Trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical value for the aPTT test?

    <p>70 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could an increase in white blood cell count indicate?

    <p>Acute infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which urine condition indicates possible liver dysfunction?

    <p>Elevated bilirubin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A fasting plasma glucose level greater than 7.0 mmol/L indicates which condition?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation might BNP levels be falsely elevated?

    <p>Post cardiac surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a hemoglobin A1C level of 6.9% indicate?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is related to elevated natriuretic peptide levels?

    <p>Congestive heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor could lead to an increase in INR?

    <p>Warfarin therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the necessary blood collection tube for a platelet count?

    <p>Lavender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following values indicates thrombocytosis?

    <p>600 x 10^9/L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hematology Tests

    • Complete Blood Count (CBC)

      • Provides information about the types and numbers of cells in the blood.
      • Used to assess general health status and detect various disorders, including infection, anemia, inflammation, and bleeding disorders.
      • Erythrocyte Count
        • Lower values indicate anemia, post-hemorrhage, dehydration, and severe diarrhea.
        • Higher values suggest leukemia, dehydration, high altitudes, and polycythemia vera.
      • Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
        • Lower values suggest microcytic anemia, folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency, and liver disease.
        • Higher values indicate macrocytic anemia.
      • Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
        • Lower values suggest microcytic anemia.
        • Higher values indicate macrocytic anemia.
      • Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
        • Lower values indicate hypochromic anemia.
        • Higher values indicate intravascular hemolysis and spherocytosis.

    • Hemoglobin (Hgb)

      • Protein within red blood cells that carries oxygen.
      • Lower values indicate chronic blood loss and decreased dietary intake.
      • Higher values suggest chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, high altitudes, and polycythemia.
      • Normal ranges vary between males and females.

    • Hematocrit or Packed Cell Volume (PCV)

      • Measures the volume of cells as a percentage of total blood volume.
      • Generally, three times greater than the hemoglobin value.
      • Lower values indicate hemorrhage, anemia, and excessive intravenous fluid infusion.
      • Higher values suggest dehydration, COPD, and congenital heart disease.

    • Myoglobin (Mb)

      • Used for early evaluation of suspected acute myocardial infarction.
      • Helps diagnose skeletal muscle disease or injury.
      • Lower values indicate polymyositis.
      • Higher values suggest myocardial infraction, skeletal muscle inflammation (myositis), malignant hyperthermia, muscular dystrophy, skeletal muscle ischemia/trauma, and rhabdomyolysis.

    • Natriuretic Peptides: BNP/or NP-proBNT42

      • Used to diagnose and categorize congestive heart failure (CHF).
      • Levels are higher in women, older individuals, and after cardiac surgery.
      • Higher values suggest CHF, myocardial infarction, systemic hypertension, heart transplant rejection, and cor pulmonale.
      • Normal ranges vary between ANP and BNP.

    • Platelet Count (Thrombocytes)

      • Measures the number of platelets in the blood.
      • Often included in CBC when there are signs and symptoms of a bleeding disorder or excessive clotting.
      • Lower values (thrombocytopenia) indicate acute leukemia, chemotherapy, hemorrhage, toxic effect of medications, systemic lupus erythematosus, iron deficiency, and viral infections.
      • Higher values (thrombocytosis) suggest acute infections, chronic pancreatitis, cirrhosis, collagen disorders, and polycythemia vera.

    • White Blood Cell Count (WBC)

      • Critical value: 1.5-2.0 times control value in seconds.

    • Prothrombin Time (PT)

      • Normal international normalized ratio (INR): 0.8-1.2
      • Critical values: >20 seconds (for clients not taking anticoagulants).
      • Measures clotting times.
      • Used to check for bleeding problems or the chances of excessive bleeding during surgery.
      • Also used to monitor effectiveness of blood clot prevention medication.
      • Higher values suggest lack of or low levels of specific clotting factors, lack of vitamin K, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

    • Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)

      • Normal range: Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT): 30-40 seconds; Partial thromboplastin time (PTT): 60-70 seconds.
      • Clients receiving anticoagulant therapy: 1.5-2.5 times control value in seconds.
      • Critical values: aPTT > 70 seconds; PTT >100 seconds.
      • Used to monitor clients taking Heparin.
      • Measures clotting factors.
      • Checks the effectiveness of anticoagulants.
      • Higher values can indicate deficiency of various clotting factors, hemophilia, heparin therapy, liver disease, and low vitamin K.

    • International Normalized Ratio (INR)

      • Normal range: 0.8-1.2.
      • Standardizes the results of prothrombin time tests.
      • Helps physicians understand results regardless of different testing methods.
      • Higher values indicate lack of or low levels of specific clotting factors, lack of vitamin K, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

    Diabetes Studies

    • Fasting Plasma Glucose Test (FBS)

      • Screens for diabetes.
      • Requires fasting for at least 8 hours prior to testing.
      • Lower values can indicate hypoglycemia.
      • Higher values suggest prediabetes (6.0-7.0 mmol/L) and diabetes (>7.0 mmol/L).

    • Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

      • Used to diagnose diabetes.
      • Measures blood glucose levels after consuming a sugary drink.
      • Results are generally evaluated in conjunction with other diagnostic tests.

    • Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c)

      • Measures the average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months.
      • Provides an indication of long-term blood sugar control.
      • A value of 6.9% or higher indicates diabetes.

    Urine Tests

    • Urinalysis (UA)

      • Often performed as part of a routine checkup.
      • Analyzes the physical and chemical properties of urine.
      • Physical properties include appearance, color, and odor.
      • Chemical properties include protein and specific gravity.

    • Bilirubin Testing

      • Includes both direct and indirect bilirubin tests.
      • Elevated bilirubin levels (>2.5-3 mg/dL) cause jaundice.
      • Provides insights into liver function and potential pathology.

    • Hemoglobin (Hb)

      • Anemia

        • Indicates a decrease in total hemoglobin levels in the blood.

        • Can result from various factors, categorized based on red blood cell size.

          • Microcytic Anemia: Low hemoglobin with a reduced MCV.
          • Macrocytic Anemia: Low hemoglobin with an increased MCV.
          • Normocytic Anemia: Low hemoglobin with a normal MCV.

        • Normocytic Anemia Causes:

          • Anemia of chronic disease/inflammation
          • Acute blood loss
          • Increased plasma volume
          • Mixed etiologies
          • Haemoglobinopathies
          • Aplastic anemia
          • Hemolysis
          • Hypersplenism

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on various hematology tests, primarily the Complete Blood Count (CBC). It covers key components such as erythrocyte count, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Understand the implications of these tests on health and disease detection.

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