Hematology Tests: Complete Blood Count Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a common condition that could cause a higher erythrocyte count?

  • Severe diarrhea
  • Anemia
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Polycythemia vera (correct)

    • What could cause a lower mean corpuscular volume (MCV)?

  • Macrocytic anemia
  • Hypertension
  • Folic acid deficiency
  • Microcytic anemia (correct)

    • Which of the following factors is NOT listed as an interfering factor for a complete blood count (CBC)?

  • Use of anticoagulants (correct)
  • High altitudes for prolonged periods
  • Pregnancy
  • Exercise

    • What does an increase in myoglobin levels typically indicate?

    <p>Early evaluation of myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of chronic blood loss on hemoglobin levels?

    <p>Lower levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test measures the volume of red blood cells as a percentage of the total blood volume?

    <p>Hematocrit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could indicate hypochromic anemia in a complete blood count?

    <p>Decreased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which conditions would a lower level of hematocrit or packed cell volume typically be observed?

    <p>Hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom associated with hyperbilirubinemia?

    <p>Dark urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with progressive inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts?

    <p>Primary sclerosing cholangitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following infections is linked to conjugated hyperbilirubinemia?

    <p>Viral hepatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases does NOT commonly lead to liver infiltration that can cause conjugated hyperbilirubinemia?

    <p>Hemochromatosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main treatment used when primary sclerosing cholangitis results in end-stage liver disease?

    <p>Liver transplant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bilirubin testing indication does NOT suggest potential liver dysfunction?

    <p>Regular physical exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a typical physical sign of chronic liver disease?

    <p>Scleral icterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may NOT be a potential consequence of choledochal cysts?

    <p>High blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication is primarily associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis?

    <p>Cholangiocarcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is likely to cause biliary obstruction?

    <p>Chronic pancreatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with a higher platelet count?

    <p>Polycythemia vera</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can lead to an increased level of BNP?

    <p>Cardiac surgery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for aPTT?

    <p>30–40 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition is the INR likely to be higher?

    <p>Vitamin K deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical value for PTT that would indicate a potential emergency?

    <blockquote> <p>100 seconds</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    For which condition would a lower fasting plasma glucose test result be observed?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common interfering factor for the Fasting Plasma Glucose Test?

    <p>Stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What blood tube is used for the platelet count test?

    <p>Lavender tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause an increase in white blood cell count?

    <p>Acute infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with lower levels of hemoglobin A1C?

    <p>Healthy metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition indicates a significant risk with a higher INR?

    <p>Vitamin K deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for conducting an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)?

    <p>To detect prediabetes and diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly identifies the normal range for white blood cell count?

    <p>4,500–11,000 cells/mcL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What finding in a urinalysis indicates the presence of jaundice?

    <p>Elevated bilirubin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hematology Tests

    • Complete Blood Count (CBC): Provides information on blood cell types and quantities. Used to assess overall health and identify various disorders (e.g., infections, anemia, inflammation, bleeding disorders).

      • Normal Ranges:
        • Erythrocyte count: Male: 4.7–6.1 x 1012/L, Female: 4.2–5.4 x 1012/L
        • Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): 80–95 mm3
        • Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH): 27–31 pg
        • Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC): 320–360 g/L
      • Interfering Factors: Exercise, high altitudes, hydration status, medications, pregnancy.
      • Results and Significance:
        • Lower Erythrocyte count: Anemia, post-hemorrhage, severe diarrhea.
        • Higher Erythrocyte count: Dehydration, high altitudes, Polycythemia vera.
        • Lower Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): Microcytic anemia.
        • Higher Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): Macrocytic anemia, folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency, liver disease.
        • Lower Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH): Microcytic anemia.
        • Higher Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH): Macrocytic anemia.
        • Lower Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC): Hypochromic anemia.
        • Higher Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC): Intravascular hemolysis, spherocytosis.

    • Hemoglobin (Hgb): Protein in red blood cells (RBCs) that carries oxygen.

      • Normal Ranges: Male: 135–180 g/L, Female: 120–160 g/L
      • Results and Significance:
        • Lower: Chronic blood loss, decreased dietary intake.
        • Higher: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, high altitudes, Polycythemia.

    • Hematocrit or Packed Cell Volume (PCV): Measures the volume of cells as a percentage of total blood volume.

      • Normal Ranges: Male: 0.42–0.52 volume fraction, Female: 0.37–0.47 volume fraction
      • Results and Significance:
        • Lower: Hemorrhage, anemia, excessive intravenous fluid infusion.
        • Higher: Dehydration, COPD, Congenital Heart Disease.

    • Myoglobin (Mb): Used to diagnose acute myocardial infarction and muscle disease or injury.

      • Normal Range: 1.0–5.3 nmol/L
      • Interfering Factors: Recent radioactive substance administration, intramuscular injections.
      • Results and Significance:
        • Lower: Polymyositis.
        • Higher: Myocardial infarction, skeletal muscle inflammation (myositis), malignant hyperthermia, muscular dystrophy, skeletal muscle ischemia/trauma, rhabdomyolysis.

    Natriuretic Peptides: BNP/or NP-proBNT42

    • Used to diagnose and categorize congestive heart failure (CHF).
      • Normal Range: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): 22–77 mcg/L, Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP): 100 mcg/L
      • Interfering Factors: Higher in women than men, higher in older clients, higher after cardiac surgery.
      • Results and Significance: Higher in congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, systemic hypertension, heart transplant rejection, cor pulmonale.

    Platelet Count (Thrombocytes)

    • Measures the number of platelets in the blood. Used to identify bleeding disorders or excessive clotting.
      • Normal Range: 150–400 x 109/L
      • Results and Significance:
        • Lower (Thrombocytopenia): Acute leukemia, chemotherapy, hemorrhage, toxic effect of medications, systemic lupus erythematosus, viral infections.
        • Higher (Thrombocytosis): Acute infections, chronic pancreatitis, cirrhosis, collagen disorders, iron deficiency, Polycythemia vera, post-splenectomy.

    White Blood Cell Count (WBC)

    • Measures the number of white blood cells in the blood.
      • Normal Range: 1.5–2.0 times control value in seconds (therapeutic INR: 0.8–1.2).
      • Critical values: >20 seconds (for clients not taking anticoagulants).

    Prothrombin Time (PT)

    • Used to assess clotting time and bleeding risks.
      • Test Explanation: Measures how long it takes blood to clot. Also used to monitor blood clot prevention medications.
      • Interfering Factors: Prolonged PT can be caused by blood thinners (warfarin, Coumadin, vitamin K) or alcohol use. Diet high in fat or leafy greens may shorten PT times.
      • Results and Significance:
        • Higher: Lack of or low levels of clotting factors, vitamin K deficiency (due to liver disease, cirrhosis, or liver injury), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

    Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)

    • Used to assess clotting time, particularly in clients taking heparin.
      • Normal Range: Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT): 30–40 seconds, Partial thromboplastin time (PTT): 60–70 seconds.
      • Client receiving anticoagulants: 1.5–2.5 times control value in seconds.
      • Critical values: aPTT: 70 seconds, PTT: > 100 seconds.
      • Interfering Factors: Increased alcohol consumption.
      • Results and Significance:
        • Higher: Deficiency of clotting factors, hemophilia, Heparin therapy, liver disease, low Vitamin K.

    International Normalized Ratio (INR)

    • Standardizes prothrombin time test results regardless of the testing method. Used to interpret results from different laboratories.
      • Normal Range: 0.8–1.2
      • Results and Significance:
        • Higher: Lack of or low levels of clotting factors, vitamin K deficiency (due to liver disease, cirrhosis, or liver injury), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

    ### Diabetes Studies

    • Fasting Plasma Glucose Test (FBS): Used to screen for diabetes. Requires at least eight hours of fasting.

      • Normal Range: 4.0–6.0 mmol/L
      • Interfering Factors: Stress, certain medications, trauma.
      • Results and Significance:
        • Lower: Hypoglycemia.
        • Higher: Prediabetes (6.0–7.0 mmol/L), diabetes (>7.0 mmol/L).

    • Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): Used to diagnose diabetes. Requires consuming a glucose solution and monitoring blood glucose levels over time.

      • Normal Range: 11.1 mmol/L indicates diabetes.

    • Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c): Provides a long-term indication of blood glucose control.

      • Normal Range: Less than 6.5%
      • Results and Significance:
        • Higher: 6.9% indicates diabetes.

    ### Urine Tests

    • Urinalysis (UA): Analyzes urine to detect signs of infection or disease.
      • Normal Range:
        • Appearance: Clear.
        • Color: Amber yellow.
        • Odor: Aromatic.
        • Protein: At rest: 12 mg/dL, Newborn: >15 mg/dL.
        • Specific Gravity: Depends on individual hydration level.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamentals of hematology tests, specifically the Complete Blood Count (CBC). Learn about normal ranges, interfering factors, and the significance of various results in assessing overall health and identifying disorders. Perfect for students and professionals in the medical field!

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