Questions and Answers
What can result from a defect in the differentiation ability of cells?
Which transcription factor is involved in committing cells to the myeloid lineage?
What is the role of transcription factors in HSCs?
Which factor is NOT associated with self-renewal potential in HSCs?
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How does epigenetics affect HSCs?
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Which transcription factors are involved in the commitment to lymphoid lineage?
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What could increased self-renewal in HSCs lead to?
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Which of the following statements about transcription factors is true?
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What is the primary role of the INK4 family of proteins?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of proto-oncogenes?
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What is the function of the CIP/KIP family of proteins?
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Which statement accurately describes the relationship between proto-oncogenes and growth factors?
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Which of the following roles does a tumour suppressor have?
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How do oncogenes differ from proto-oncogenes?
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What factors, aside from cell cycle regulatory proteins, influence the fate of HSCs?
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What is the consequence of dysregulated cell cycle processes due to oncogenes?
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What is the effect of excessive ROS on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)?
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How do the oxygen levels in the osteoblastic and vascular niches differ?
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What role does oxidative stress play in cancer progression?
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What is a characteristic of adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in terms of their energy source?
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What is the potential role of the osteoblastic niche according to the dynamic model of hematopoiesis?
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Which statement best describes the effect of mild ROS increase in HSCs?
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What distinguishes cancer stem cells from normal stem cells in terms of their niche interaction?
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What condition can occur in quiescent HSCs if oxidative stress is managed correctly?
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What role does SDF1 (CXCL12) play in relation to HSCs?
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Which cells are predominantly responsible for secreting CXCL12 in the bone marrow niches?
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Where do quiescent HSCs primarily localize within the bone marrow?
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What is the main energy source for quiescent HSCs residing in a hypoxic environment?
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How does oxidative stress affect HSCs?
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What is a consequence of decreased CXCL12 expression in the bone marrow?
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Which category of HSCs primarily relies on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation for energy?
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What is the relationship between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant enzymes in normal physiological conditions?
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What is the defining characteristic of asymmetric division?
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Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by DNA synthesis?
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Which cyclin is associated with the CDK4/6 complex for cell cycle entry?
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What role do cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) play in cell cycle regulation?
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How do CDKs help HSCs transition into the G1 phase?
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What is the primary function of retinoblastoma (Rb) proteins in HSC regulation?
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Which CDK is not paired with its cyclin partner in the content provided?
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Which function is least related to cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs)?
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Study Notes
Self-Renewal and Differentiation Balance
- Disruption in self-renewal and differentiation balance can lead to haematological diseases.
- Defective differentiation causes blood cell shortages, leading to conditions like anemia.
- Increased self-renewal can lead to leukemia.
Role of Transcription Factors
- Transcription factors such as GATA2, BMI1, and GFI1 regulate self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
- PU.1 and CEBP drive myeloid lineage commitment.
- GATA2 and GATA1 promote differentiation into erythrocytes and megakaryocytes.
- GATA3 and IKAROS facilitate lymphoid lineage commitment.
Epigenetic Modifications
- Epigenetic modifications control gene activity without altering DNA sequence.
- Symmetric differentiation results in two progenitor cells.
- Asymmetric division produces one stem cell and one progenitor cell.
Cell Cycle Regulation of HSCs
- HSCs undergo G0 phase (quiescence) before cycling through interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitosis.
- Cyclin-dependent protein kinases (CDKs) regulate phases of the cell cycle via cyclin partners.
- CDK4/6 and cyclin D form a complex to phosphorylate retinoblastoma proteins, activating E2f and facilitating G1 entry.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors (CKIs)
- CKIs (e.g., p15, p16, p21) prevent CDK activity to maintain HSC quiescence.
- INK4 family inhibits cyclin-D_CDK4/6 complexes.
- CIP/KIP family suppresses cyclin-E_CDK2 complex.
Regulation of HSC Fate
- HSC fate is influenced by transcription factors, growth factors, and signaling pathways to maintain blood homeostasis.
Proto-Oncogenes vs Tumor Suppressors
- Proto-oncogenes are positive regulators, enhancing cellular proliferation.
- Tumor suppressors act as negative regulators, inhibiting proliferation.
- Oncogenes arise from mutated proto-oncogenes, driving unchecked cell cycle progression.
Stem Cell Niches
- HSCs are located in bone marrow niches, with quiescent HSCs found in hypoxic environments using anaerobic glycolysis for energy.
- Cycling HSCs rely on aerobic respiration for energy.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
- ROS generated during aerobic metabolism can affect HSC proliferation and aging.
- Excessive ROS creates oxidative stress, leading to differentiation issues and potential cell death.
Dynamic HSC Migration
- HSCs migrate between osteoblastic and vascular niches depending on environmental conditions.
- Osteoblastic niche serves as a reservoir; vascular niche supports proliferation and differentiation.
Cancer Stem Cell Niche
- Cancer stem cells emerge from mutations, becoming highly proliferative.
- Signaling balance within the niche is altered in cancer stem cells, favoring proliferation over normal stem cell regulation.
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Description
Explore the critical balance between self-renewal and differentiation in hematopoiesis. This quiz addresses how disruptions in this balance can lead to diseases such as anemia and leukemia, and the role of transcription factors in regulating these processes.