Hematology Overview Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of monocytes in the immune system?

Protection against helminthic infections

Phagocytosis of infectious agents (correct)

Regulation of water levels in the body

Production of antibodies

What happens to senescent red blood cells in circulation?

They become more efficient at oxygen delivery

They are marked for elimination from circulation (correct)

They enhance the immune response

They increase in number to support oxygen transport

How does increased plasma osmolality affect kidney function?

Reduces solute concentration

Promotes water excretion

Stimulates hormone secretion

Enhances water reabsorption (correct)

What role do B-lymphocytes play in the immune response?

They differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of abnormal red blood cell morphology?

Elimination from circulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of water regulation in the blood?

To control plasma osmolality Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which blood flow is stopped in an injured blood vessel?

Formation of a platelet plug Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

Meningitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of plasma in relation to hormones secreted by endocrine glands?

To transport hormones to target tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tests is used to evaluate the extrinsic pathway of coagulation?

Prothrombin Time Signup and view all the answers

What abnormal morphologic characteristic can indicate Gray Platelet Syndrome?

Presence of agranular platelets Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the Complete Blood Count (CBC) is associated with evaluating hemostatic abnormalities?

Platelet count Signup and view all the answers

What function does Thrombin Time serve in coagulation tests?

Assesses fibrinogen function Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tests is considered a general screening for hemostatic abnormalities?

Bleeding Time Signup and view all the answers

How does a Complete Blood Count (CBC) offer information about health status?

Provides data on formed elements in blood Signup and view all the answers

Which test evaluates the intrinsic pathway of coagulation?

Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time Signup and view all the answers

What is the viscosity of blood compared to water?

3.5-4.5 times thicker Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a cellular component of blood?

Plasma Signup and view all the answers

What does the Mean Cell Volume (MCV) indicate?

Average volume of red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal pH range for arterial blood?

7.35 - 7.45 Signup and view all the answers

Which index quantifies the spread of red blood cell sizes?

Reticulocyte Distribution Width (RDW) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood is primarily composed of water?

Plasma Signup and view all the answers

What is the average specific gravity of blood?

1.055 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the liquid component of blood?

Composed mostly of water with various dissolved substances Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of erythrocytes?

Carrying oxygen through the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of erythropoietin in the body?

It stimulates red blood cell production Signup and view all the answers

Which process is characterized by the inappropriate destruction of red blood cells?

Hemolysis Signup and view all the answers

What does the hematocrit measurement represent?

The proportion of red blood cells in blood Signup and view all the answers

What is a thrombus?

A blood clot that forms inappropriately Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stains is commonly used for studying blood cell morphology?

Wright stain Signup and view all the answers

What is thrombosis?

Pathological clot formation in blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

What does venipuncture refer to?

A process for blood collection via intravenous access Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of blood for hematology testing through skin puncture?

A mixture including capillary, venous, and arterial blood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an indication for performing a skin puncture?

Patients requiring large blood volumes Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct angle to insert the needle during a venipuncture?

15 degrees Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of tubes should be filled first during skin puncture collection?

EDTA microcollection tubes Signup and view all the answers

In which area is venipuncture most commonly performed?

Veins in the antecubital area Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about skin puncture is true?

It can be used when only small quantities of blood are needed. Signup and view all the answers

What are common sites for venipuncture in adults?

Median cubital vein, cephalic vein, and basilic vein Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood is preferred for larger volumes when testing?

Venous blood from venipuncture Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

RBCs circulate for 120 days, delivering oxygen.
Normal RBC morphology is essential for oxygen delivery.
Abnormal morphology or senescence marks RBCs for elimination.
Study of normal and abnormal RBC morphology, and related processes, is crucial.
Abnormal RBC morphology correlates with various clinical conditions. Examples include diseases like meningitis and multiple sclerosis which disrupt the blood-brain barrier.

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

Monocytes perform phagocytosis to protect against infectious agents.
Eosinophils protect against helminthic infections.
Lymphocytes fight viruses; B-lymphocytes differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies.

Blood Functions

Oxygen delivery (RBCs).
Water regulation (plasma osmolality influences water reabsorption/excretion).
Hormone transport (hormones dissolve in plasma to reach target tissues).
Hemostasis (platelets and plasma elements arrest bleeding).

Common Hematological Tests

Complete Blood Count (CBC): Evaluates formed blood elements; provides information about individual health; each component relates to specific conditions. Includes cell counts (RBCs, WBCs, platelets) and RBC indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW).
Peripheral Blood Smear (PBS) Examination: Analyzes the morphology of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets; abnormal morphology may indicate disease.
Bleeding Time and Coagulation Tests: Evaluate hemostasis; includes bleeding time, prothrombin time (extrinsic pathway), (activated) partial thromboplastin time (intrinsic pathway), thrombin time, reptilase time (fibrinogen function), and viscosity.

Blood Composition

Cellular components (formed elements): RBCs, WBCs, platelets.
Liquid component (plasma or serum): Mostly water; contains carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, NPNs, vitamins, electrolytes, trace elements, hormones, and gases.
Slightly alkaline reaction (arterial pH 7.35-7.45; venous pH 7.38-7.48).
Osmolality: 280-295 mOsm/kg.
Average specific gravity: 1.055.

Additional Terms

Erythropoietin: Kidney-produced hormone stimulating RBC production.
Fibrinolysis: Clot dissolution via plasmin.
Hematoma: Blood accumulation in tissues/cavities.
Hematocrit: RBC proportion in whole blood.
Hematopoiesis/Hemopoiesis: Blood cell production, development, and maturation.
Hemoglobin: Oxygen-binding protein in RBCs.
Hemolysis: RBC destruction.
Plasma: Liquid portion of unclotted blood.
Serum: Liquid portion of clotted blood.
Supravital stain: Dyes for staining living cells.
Thrombocytes: Platelets; involved in hemostasis.
Thrombosis: Abnormal clot formation.
Thrombus: Blood clot in artery or vein.
Venipuncture: Blood collection via intravenous access.
Wright stain: Common blood cell stain.

Specimen Collection

Skin puncture/peripheral puncture: Used for small blood samples, especially in infants, children, elderly, or obese individuals. Order of draw: blood gas analysis tube, slides, EDTA microcollection tubes, other microcollection tubes with anticoagulants, serum microcollection tubes.
Venipuncture: Preferred for large samples; uses veins in the antecubital area (median cubital, cephalic, basilic veins); needle angle: 15 degrees.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the functions and morphology of red and white blood cells. The quiz covers key aspects such as oxygen delivery, immune responses, and the importance of RBC and WBC structure. Understand the clinical implications of abnormalities in blood cells and their functions.