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What are the components of a CBC, including RBC indices?
What are the components of a CBC, including RBC indices?
What are some common causes of anemia?
What are some common causes of anemia?
What is the function of a reticulocyte count?
What is the function of a reticulocyte count?
What are the main functions of the segmented neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil and thrombocyte, and what are the main causes for their increase or decrease?
What are the main functions of the segmented neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil and thrombocyte, and what are the main causes for their increase or decrease?
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What are the differences between Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?
What are the differences between Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?
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What are the differences in lab findings between CLL, ALL, CML, and AML?
What are the differences in lab findings between CLL, ALL, CML, and AML?
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What are the main functions of the five white blood cell types: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils?
What are the main functions of the five white blood cell types: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils?
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Anemia is always caused by a deficiency in iron.
Anemia is always caused by a deficiency in iron.
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A high platelet count is always a sign of a health problem.
A high platelet count is always a sign of a health problem.
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A blood smear is always ordered as part of a CBC.
A blood smear is always ordered as part of a CBC.
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What is the difference between a left shift and a right shift in a white blood cell differential?
What is the difference between a left shift and a right shift in a white blood cell differential?
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What is the main reason for ordering an Iron panel?
What is the main reason for ordering an Iron panel?
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What is the relationship between iron and hemoglobin?
What is the relationship between iron and hemoglobin?
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What is a D-dimer test used to diagnose?
What is a D-dimer test used to diagnose?
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Which test is more sensitive and responds more quickly, ESR or CRP?
Which test is more sensitive and responds more quickly, ESR or CRP?
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What is a coagulation panel used to evaluate?
What is a coagulation panel used to evaluate?
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What is the main difference between PT and INR?
What is the main difference between PT and INR?
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What is the function of a thrombocyte?
What is the function of a thrombocyte?
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A high WBC count always indicates an infection.
A high WBC count always indicates an infection.
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What is the main function of neutrophils?
What is the main function of neutrophils?
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The ESR is a very sensitive and specific test for inflammation
The ESR is a very sensitive and specific test for inflammation
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A low MCV always indicates iron deficiency anemia
A low MCV always indicates iron deficiency anemia
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A high INR is always associated with a high risk of bleeding
A high INR is always associated with a high risk of bleeding
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A low platelet count is always a sign of a bleeding disorder
A low platelet count is always a sign of a bleeding disorder
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A high WBC count in a geriatric patient always indicates a serious problem
A high WBC count in a geriatric patient always indicates a serious problem
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The most common cause of pancytopenia is aplastic anemia
The most common cause of pancytopenia is aplastic anemia
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High levels of CRP can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, inflammation or even lifestyle factors such as smoking, chronic gingivitis or high triglycerides
High levels of CRP can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, inflammation or even lifestyle factors such as smoking, chronic gingivitis or high triglycerides
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A complete blood count (CBC) should be ordered if a patient presents with fatigue and a low MCV, which is also associated with microcytic anemia
A complete blood count (CBC) should be ordered if a patient presents with fatigue and a low MCV, which is also associated with microcytic anemia
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A patient's INR should be monitored frequently when they're taking anticoagulant medications
A patient's INR should be monitored frequently when they're taking anticoagulant medications
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A D-dimer test is a specific test for blood clots, meaning if it comes back positive, it's confirmed that a blood clot is present
A D-dimer test is a specific test for blood clots, meaning if it comes back positive, it's confirmed that a blood clot is present
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A coagulation panel can help identify specific clotting factors that are deficient, resulting in a prolonged clotting time
A coagulation panel can help identify specific clotting factors that are deficient, resulting in a prolonged clotting time
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The ESR is a useful test for detecting inflammation but is considered largely outdated and doesn't have widespread applications
The ESR is a useful test for detecting inflammation but is considered largely outdated and doesn't have widespread applications
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Low levels of ferritin can be indicative of iron deficiency anemia
Low levels of ferritin can be indicative of iron deficiency anemia
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A normal platelet count is essential for blood clotting and is typically found between 150,000 and 400,000 cells per cubic mm
A normal platelet count is essential for blood clotting and is typically found between 150,000 and 400,000 cells per cubic mm
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A blood smear helps to analyze RBC, platelets, and WBCs by manual microscopic examination by a pathologist or a technician
A blood smear helps to analyze RBC, platelets, and WBCs by manual microscopic examination by a pathologist or a technician
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Aplastic anemia is a serious condition that affects the bone marrow causing a deficiency in all blood cell types, including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, which can lead to pancytopenia
Aplastic anemia is a serious condition that affects the bone marrow causing a deficiency in all blood cell types, including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, which can lead to pancytopenia
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A blood smear is typically ordered if a patient's WBCs are very abnormal or if there is suspicion of cancer
A blood smear is typically ordered if a patient's WBCs are very abnormal or if there is suspicion of cancer
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The INR, the preferred international normalized ratio (INR), is a critical measure to monitor and guide anticoagulation therapy for conditions such as atrial fibrillation and deep vein thrombosis
The INR, the preferred international normalized ratio (INR), is a critical measure to monitor and guide anticoagulation therapy for conditions such as atrial fibrillation and deep vein thrombosis
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Flashcards
Ordered Labs
Ordered Labs
Tests ordered if suspecting cancer or very abnormal WBCs.
Plasma Increase in Pregnancy
Plasma Increase in Pregnancy
Plasma levels increase during pregnancy, generally not concerning.
RBC Production
RBC Production
Bone marrow makes RBCs (red blood cells) and WBCs (white blood cells).
Hemolytic Anemia
Hemolytic Anemia
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Thrombocytes
Thrombocytes
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Macrocytic Anemia
Macrocytic Anemia
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Microcytic Anemia
Microcytic Anemia
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Left Shift
Left Shift
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Pancytopenia
Pancytopenia
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Iron Deficiency Anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
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Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)
Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)
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Ferritin
Ferritin
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D-dimer
D-dimer
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INR (International Normalized Ratio)
INR (International Normalized Ratio)
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Chemotherapy Effects on WBC
Chemotherapy Effects on WBC
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Reactive Thrombocytosis
Reactive Thrombocytosis
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MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume)
MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume)
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WBC Types
WBC Types
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Symptoms of Low Hemoglobin
Symptoms of Low Hemoglobin
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Band Cells
Band Cells
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Serum Iron Test
Serum Iron Test
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Bone Marrow Biopsy
Bone Marrow Biopsy
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Stress Impact on Ferritin
Stress Impact on Ferritin
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Hemochromatosis
Hemochromatosis
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Bacterial Infection Indicators
Bacterial Infection Indicators
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CBC (Complete Blood Count)
CBC (Complete Blood Count)
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MC
MC
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Higher Therapeutic Range
Higher Therapeutic Range
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Study Notes
Hematology Lecture Notes
- The lecture is about hematology.
- The instructor is Hanzely, DMSc, PA-C, RD.
- The course is offered at South College, focusing on career paths.
Instructional Objectives
- Inventory the components of a complete blood count (CBC), including RBC indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC).
- Compare common causes of anemia and polycythemia.
- Debate the importance of the reticulocyte count.
- Contrast ferritin, iron, total iron binding capacity, and transferrin, and their indications.
- Inspect the relationship between vitamin B12, folate, and megaloblastic anemia.
- Inventory the function of segmented neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and thrombocytes, and causes for increased or decreased levels.
- Inspect white blood cell inclusions and associated indications.
- Contrast Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
- Compare chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and their corresponding laboratory findings.
- Recognize the importance of understanding Dr. Hanzely's memes.
Blood Components
- Blood is composed of plasma, white blood cells and platelets, and red blood cells.
Fishbone Diagrams
- Diagrams present a visual representation of various blood components and tests.
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
- A series of blood tests evaluating RBCs, platelets, and WBCs; easy, fast, inexpensive.
- Includes RBCs, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, and RBC indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW).
- WBC count and differential are also included, assessing five distinct white blood cell types: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.
Erythrocyte Count (RBCs)
- Reference range (males): 4.7 – 6.1 x10¹²/L; (females): 4.2 – 5.4 x10¹²/L.
- Measures RBCs in a cubic millimeter of peripheral blood.
- Female values are lower than male values, and RBC counts decrease with age.
- Decreased RBCs indicate anemia, caused by bone marrow production issues or increased loss.
- Conditions that increase loss include: hemorrhage, hemolysis, or dilution from body fluids (i.e., pregnancy).
CBC Example - Lab Results
- Provides sample CBC results and their flags (e.g., normal, abnormal).
Increased Erythrocyte Count (RBCs)
- Elevated RBCs indicate polycythemia.
- This is often caused by physiological induction due to increased oxygen requirements (e.g., high altitudes).
- Other causes include chronic hypoxia (e.g., smokers) or dehydration.
Anemias
- Macrocytic anemias (large RBCs) are associated with DNA synthesis impairment during RBC production, resulting in larger RBCs with fewer numbers.
- Microcytic anemias (small RBCs) are caused by iron deficiencies.
- Pancytopenia is the deficiency of all blood cell types, often caused by aplastic anemia (toxic exposure, hereditary factors, autoimmune diseases, or idiopathic).
Reticulocytes
- Aka "retic count," these are immature RBCs.
- Reference range in adults: 0.5%-2.0%.
- Increased reticulocytes suggest the bone marrow is producing more RBCs, often as a response to blood loss or hemolysis.
- Decreased reticulocytes mean the bone marrow is not responding adequately to anemia.
Hemoglobin (Hgb)
- The reference range (male): 14-18 g/dL; (female): 12-16 g/dL.
- Critical values for hemoglobin are less than 5 or greater than 20 g/dL.
- Hemoglobin (Hgb) is the RBC protein responsible for oxygen transport.
- Low hemoglobin is associated with anemia.
Hematocrit (Hct)
- Reference range (male): 42-52%; (female): 37-47%.
- Critical values are below 15% or above 60%.
- Reflects the percentage of total blood volume consisting of RBCs.
- Closely related to hemoglobin (Hgb) values.
Platelet Count (Plt)
- Reference range: 150,000-400,000/mm³.
- Critical values are below 50,000 or above 1 million/mm³.
- Essential for blood clotting.
- Decreased platelet count indicates thrombocytopenia, which has various potential causes, including problems with bone marrow production, hypersplenism, increased destruction, or consumption.
- Increased platelet count indicates thrombocytosis which sometimes accompany iron deficiency anemia and cancer.
Mean Platelet Volume (MPV)
- Measures the average size of platelets.
- Increased MPV usually indicates the bone marrow is releasing more immature platelets; this can happen in response to severe blood loss.
- Decreased MPV indicates the bone marrow isn't producing enough platelets.
Red Blood Cell Indices
- Provide information regarding RBC size, hemoglobin content, and concentration.
- Types of indices include MCV, MCH, MCHC, and RDW.
White Blood Cell Count
- Two components: WBC count and WBC differential.
- Reference range: 5,000-10,000/mm³.
- Critical values are below 2,500 or above 30,000/mm³.
- Routinely used to diagnose and track infections. Increased WBCs can result from infections, inflammation, stress, trauma, and cancers.
- Decreased WBCs indicate leukopenia, associated with bone marrow failure, overwhelming infection, and cancer treatment.
White Blood Cell Differential
- Percentage of each leukocyte type (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils).
- Increased neutrophils indicate bacterial infections.
- Decreased or increased values of other types may reflect various medical conditions.
WBC Inclusions
- Hypersegmented neutrophils: abnormally high number of segments in neutrophils; usually seen in megaloblastic anemias.
- Dohle bodies: oval inclusions in neutrophils; often indicate severe stress or improper maturation.
- Auer rods: rod-shaped inclusions in white blood cells; indicative of acute myeloid leukemia.
Leukemia
- Cancer arising from WBCs; acute and chronic types.
- Chronic leukemia is often asymptomatic and characterized by the presence of many abnormal WBCs.
- May be identified via WBC differential showing high levels of certain cells like monocytes or lymphocytes.
Lymphomas
- Cancers arising in lymphocytes; two main types (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's).
- Hodgkin's lymphoma is associated with Reed-Sternberg cells; associated with better prognosis
- Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma makes up a larger percentage of these cancers.
Iron Panel
- Includes serum iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)/transferrin, transferrin saturation, ferritin.
- Serum iron levels reflect the amount of iron in the blood.
- TIBC reflects proteins available for iron binding.
- Transferrin saturation measures the extent to which TIBC is occupied by iron.
- Ferritin reflects iron stores in the body, its levels reflect iron stores in the body.
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)
- Measures the rate at which RBCs settle.
- Increased ESR may indicate various inflammatory conditions (infection, cancer, necrosis).
- A non-specific test.
C-reactive Protein (CRP)
- An acute-phase reactant protein produced by the liver in the presence of inflammation or infection.
- More sensitive than ESR, and responds faster to inflammation; better as a marker of inflammation.
- Frequently used to monitor inflammatory conditions.
Coagulation Panel
- A group of tests assessing blood clotting mechanisms.
- Includes bleeding time, prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and fibrinogen.
- Bleeding time is useful in estimating platelet function.
- PT measures the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting.
- PTT is used to evaluate the intrinsic pathway of clotting.
- Fibrinogen is a protein necessary for blood clotting.
D-dimer
- Produced when fibrin degrades; increased levels indicate clot formation/degradation, suspicion of blood clots (DVT, PE).
- Important in diagnosing and monitoring conditions related to blood clots.
Other Information
- PA students' quotes on PA school.
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Description
This quiz focuses on key concepts in hematology, covering components of a complete blood count (CBC), types of anemia, and the functions of different blood cells. It also explores relationships between vitamins and megaloblastic anemia, as well as various types of leukemia and lymphoma. Test your knowledge on these vital topics related to blood health and disease.
