Hematology Basics
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Questions and Answers

What is the normal range of hematocrit in adult females?

  • 30% to 40%
  • 35% to 45%
  • 40% to 50%
  • 38% to 46% (correct)
  • Which hormone regulates the production of red blood cells?

  • Colony-stimulating factors
  • Erythropoietin (correct)
  • Intrinsic factor
  • Thrombopoietin
  • What is the average diameter of a red blood cell?

  • 7-8 microns (correct)
  • 9-10 microns
  • 5-6 microns
  • 11-12 microns
  • What is the term for a deficiency of red blood cells?

    <p>Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for anemia caused by chronic blood loss?

    <p>Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of blood in the human body?

    <p>To transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and clear tissues of carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for the formation of red blood cells?

    <p>Vitamin B-12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the liquid portion of blood called?

    <p>Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an inherited disorder characterized by abnormally shaped red blood cells?

    <p>Hereditary Spherocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate of red blood cell production?

    <p>2 million RBCs per second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three families of blood cells?

    <p>Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of blood cells called?

    <p>Hematology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hematology laboratory tests?

    <p>To predict, detect, and diagnose blood diseases and systemic diseases that affect blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who relies on hematology laboratory test results to select and monitor therapy for blood disorders?

    <p>Physicians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the spherical cells when they are subjected to slight compression?

    <p>They easily rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of sickle-cell anemia?

    <p>A genetic mutation causing abnormal beta chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many major blood groups are there?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antigens in blood typing?

    <p>Antigens are present on the red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of O negative blood?

    <p>It carries no antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Rh factor?

    <p>It is found on the surface of red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of AB positive blood?

    <p>It carries no antibodies in the plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of the population with O blood type?

    <p>43%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of platelets in blood?

    <p>150,000-400,000 per uL of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of alpha granules in platelets?

    <p>To contain clotting factors and platelet-derived growth factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of platelets in hemostasis?

    <p>To form a plug and release coagulation factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter of a platelet?

    <p>2-4 um</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final stage of the blood clotting cascade?

    <p>Formation of fibrin threads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of thrombin in the blood clotting cascade?

    <p>To convert fibrinogen to fibrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of neutrophils in the body?

    <p>To engulf and phagocytose bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of WBCs made up of eosinophils?

    <p>2-4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the formation of a stable blood clot?

    <p>Fibrin stabilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood clotting?

    <p>One is fast-acting and the other is slow-acting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of basophils in the body?

    <p>To liberate heparin and histamines during allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter of monocytes in the blood?

    <p>12-20 um</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lymphocytes in the body?

    <p>To produce antibodies and attack viruses and cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of platelets in the body?

    <p>To form blood clots and stop bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of WBCs made up of lymphocytes?

    <p>20-25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of neutrophils in terms of their nucleus?

    <p>Nucleus has 2-5 lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of WBCs made up of monocytes?

    <p>3-8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of eosinophils in terms of their granules?

    <p>Large red granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Hematology

    • Hematology is the study of blood cells, including their production, function, and disorders.
    • Blood is a liquid tissue that transports oxygen, nutrients, and wastes throughout the body.
    • The average human has 5 liters of blood, which is composed of plasma and formed elements (blood cells).

    Components of Normal Adult Blood

    • The formed elements of blood include:
      • Red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes)
      • White blood cells (WBCs or leukocytes)
      • Platelets (thrombocytes)

    Formation of Blood Cells (Hemopoiesis)

    • Blood cells are produced through the process of hemopoiesis, which is regulated by hormones:
      • Erythropoietin (RBCs)
      • Thrombopoietin (platelets)
      • Colony-stimulating factors (WBCs)

    Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

    • Characteristics:
      • Contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen
      • 4.8-5.4 million RBCs per microliter
      • Produced at a rate of 2 million per second
      • Lack a nucleus (anucleate)
      • Biconcave disk shape to increase surface-to-volume ratio
      • Diameter of 7-8 microns

    Changes in Hemoglobin

    • Anemia: a deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin
    • Types of anemia:
      • Blood loss anemia
      • Microcytic hypochromic anemia
      • Aplastic anemia
      • Pernicious anemia
      • Hemolytic anemia
    • Sickle-cell anemia: a genetic disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin

    Blood Types and Blood Banking

    • ABO blood group system:
      • Four main groups: A, B, AB, and O
      • Inherited from parents
      • Antigens and antibodies determine blood type
    • Rh factor:
      • Found on the surface of RBCs
      • Can be positive or negative
      • Phenotypically positive or negative

    White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

    • Types of WBCs:
      • Granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils)
      • Lymphocytes (B cells and T cells)
      • Monocytes
    • Functions:
      • Phagocytosis
      • Antibody production
      • Cellular immunity

    Platelets (Thrombocytes)

    • Characteristics:
      • Smallest cells in the blood
      • Formed from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow
      • Normal range: 130,000-400,000 per microliter
    • Functions:
      • Coagulation and hemostasis
      • Release of coagulation factors

    Hemostasis and Blood Clotting

    • Process of stopping bleeding:
      • Vascular phase
      • Platelet phase
      • Coagulation phase
    • Clotting cascade:
      • Intrinsic pathway (slow acting)
      • Common pathway
      • Extrinsic pathway (fast acting)

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    Description

    Learn about the basics of hematology, including the functions of blood and its components. Explore the role of plasma and its importance in circulation.

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