Hematology and Laboratory Sections Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is primarily analyzed in the Hematology Section?

Plasma only

Urine samples

Whole blood (correct)

Serum only

Which anticoagulant is commonly used in the Hematology Section for blood collection?

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (correct)

Calcium carbonate

Sodium citrate

Heparin

What is the liquid portion of blood called when a sample is allowed to clot?

Serum (correct)

Cytoplasm

Plasma

Whole blood

Which of the following tests is NOT typically performed in the Hematology Section?

Urinalysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Laboratory Information System (LIS) department?

Maintain laboratory computer operations and records Signup and view all the answers

Which section is responsible for analyzing surgical specimens and biopsies?

Anatomical Area Signup and view all the answers

What type of sample is required for a complete blood count?

Whole blood collected in an anticoagulant tube Signup and view all the answers

How many times should the tube be inverted to activate the anticoagulant when drawing blood?

What types of tests are performed in the Blood Bank Section?

ABO and Rh typing, antibody screening, and compatibility testing Signup and view all the answers

Which sample type is required for testing in the Serology (Immunology) Section?

Red stopper tubes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common test performed in the Microbiology Section?

HCG – pregnancy test Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary procedure performed in the Microbiology Section?

Culture and Sensitivity Signup and view all the answers

Which section of the laboratory addresses the immune response to pathogens?

Serology (Immunology) Section Signup and view all the answers

Which test is used to screen for syphilis in the Serology Section?

VDRL and RPR Signup and view all the answers

What types of specimens are typically analyzed in the Microbiology Section?

Blood, sputum, urine, and others Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Direct Coombs Test?

To detect antibodies in a patient's serum Signup and view all the answers

Which agency focuses on the accreditation and certification of healthcare organizations?

JC Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Joint Commission's Patient Safety Goal regarding patient identification?

To improve the accuracy of patient identification Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as a wrongful act that causes harm to a person's property or person?

Tort Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes malpractice?

Injury caused by negligence in patient care Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT included in a patient's rights as part of the Patient Care Partnership?

Mandating treatment acceptance Signup and view all the answers

Assault in the context of tort law is defined as which of the following?

Threatening harm without consent Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes ethics from medical law in healthcare?

Ethics are recommended standards of right and wrong Signup and view all the answers

Which agency develops standards for sample collection, handling, and laboratory testing?

CLSI Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum time urine samples can sit at room temperature before they should be tested?

2 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tests is NOT performed during the physical examination of urine?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary responsibilities of a Laboratory Manager?

Oversee technical and administrative management Signup and view all the answers

Which professional is NOT required to have a bachelor's degree in medical technology?

Laboratory Assistant Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a responsibility of a Medical Laboratory Technician?

Perform laboratory testing by protocol under supervision Signup and view all the answers

What educational background is required for a Phlebotomist?

High school diploma and phlebotomy training Signup and view all the answers

Which test measures the specific gravity of urine in a chemical examination?

Specific gravity Signup and view all the answers

Who is primarily responsible for reviewing lab results and consulting with pathologists for abnormal findings?

Technical Supervisor Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used by phlebotomists to collect blood samples?

Venipuncture Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a duty of a phlebotomist?

Performing complex surgeries Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is important for a phlebotomist to possess?

Compassionate demeanor Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized regarding a phlebotomist's appearance?

Proper personal hygiene Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the certification requirements for phlebotomists?

Certification examinations Signup and view all the answers

Which healthcare setting commonly employs phlebotomists?

Urgent care centers Signup and view all the answers

What should phlebotomists avoid in their communication with patients to show respect for diversity?

Making assumptions about patients Signup and view all the answers

What is one recommended guideline for phlebotomists regarding personal grooming?

Keeping hair and facial hair clean and trimmed Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary anticoagulant used in the Coagulation Section?

Sodium Citrate Signup and view all the answers

Which test is performed to measure bleeding tendencies in patients within the Coagulation Section?

Bleeding time (BT) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can affect test results in the Chemistry Section?

Hemolyzed samples Signup and view all the answers

What type of blood component can be prepared for transfusion in the Immunohematology/Blood Bank Section?

Cryoprecipitate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tests is specific to assess kidney function in the Chemistry Section?

Blood urea nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the preferred state for samples collected in the Chemistry Section?

Fasting Signup and view all the answers

What does the Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) test primarily evaluate?

Inflammation Signup and view all the answers

In the Chemistry Section, which test would be used to measure the levels of sodium, potassium, and chloride?

Electrolytes test Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Phlebotomy: The Clinical Laboratory

Phlebotomy is the collection of blood samples for laboratory analysis to diagnose and monitor medical conditions.
A phlebotomist is a trained individual who obtains blood samples primarily through venipuncture and microtechniques.

Clinical Laboratory Organizational Division

The clinical laboratory is divided into two main areas: Anatomical and Clinical.

Anatomical Area

Analyzes surgical specimens, frozen sections, biopsies, cytological specimens, and autopsies.
Has sections for Cytology, Histology, and Cytogenetics.

Clinical Area

Analyzes blood, bone marrow, microbiology samples, urine, and other body fluids.
Includes the Laboratory Information System (LIS) which handles computer operations, record maintenance, and compliance with accrediting regulations.
Further divided into specialized sections: Hematology, Coagulation, Chemistry, Blood bank (immunohematology), Serology (immunology), Microbiology, Urinalysis. Phlebotomy and sample processing are also included.

Hematology Section

Studies the formed (cellular) elements of the blood such as red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets (Plts).
The most common fluid analyzed is whole blood (a mixture of cells and plasma) obtained using a collection tube with an anticoagulant (e.g., EDTA).
Whole blood collection requires 8-10 times of immediate tube inversion to activate the anticoagulant.
Blood is also analyzed as plasma (anticoagulated, contains fibrinogen) or serum (allowed to clot, does not contain fibrinogen).
Common hematology tests include: Complete blood count (CBC), differential, white blood cell count (WBC), red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hgb), indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC), platelet count, red cell distribution width (RDW), body fluid analysis, bone marrow, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), reticulocyte count, sickle cell, special stains.

Coagulation Section

Evaluates the overall process of hemostasis.
Important components evaluated include platelets, blood vessels, coagulation factors, fibrinolysis, inhibitors, and anticoagulant therapies (e.g., heparin and coumadin).
Anticoagulant used: Sodium Citrate (3-4 times).
Collection tubes for coagulation samples have a light blue stopper.
Common coagulation tests include: Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT), bleeding time (BT), and factor assays.

Chemistry Section

The most automated area in the laboratory, studying blood components (enzymes, hormones, electrolytes, chemicals, poisons).
Primarily tests serum collected in gel barriers, but may also use tubes with red, green, gray, or royal blue stoppers.
Factors that may affect test results include hemolyzed (red due to hemoglobin release), icteric (yellow due to excess bilirubin), and lipemic (cloudy due to increased lipids) samples.
Fasting samples (8-12 hours) are preferred.
Common chemistry tests include: Tests for electrolytes (Na, K, Cl, CO2), lipid panel, total protein, enzyme immunoassays, fasting blood sugar, blood gas analysis, therapeutic drug monitoring, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine.

Immunohematology/Blood Bank Section

Collects, stores, prepares blood for transfusion.
Blood is tested for bloodborne pathogens (e.g., Hepatitis and HIV).
Blood components (packed cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate) may be separated.
Collection tubes used: plain red (serum), lavender, or pink (plasma) stoppers.
Serum separator tubes containing gel are not acceptable.
Patient identification is critical.
Common tests include: ABO and Rh typing, Type and crossmatch (ABO, Rh typing and compatibility testing), Antibody Screening, Direct Coombs Test, and Indirect Coombs Test

Serology (Immunology) Section

Evaluates the body's immune response.
Detects antibodies to bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, and antibodies produced against body substances (autoimmunity).
Common tests include: Hepatitis B surface antigen, Hepatitis Panel, VDRL and RPR for syphilis, Anti-HIV, Western blot, HCG (pregnancy), and Antibody titer.

Microbiology Section

Identifies pathogenic microorganisms.
Improves antibiotic therapy, infection control in a hospital.
Sections: Bacteriology, Mycology, Parasitology, Virology.
Common tests include: Culture and Sensitivity, Gram stain, Blood culture, Acid-fast bacillus (AFB) culture, Fungal Culture, Occult blood, Ova and parasites (stool sample).

Urinalysis Section

Detects disorders and infections of kidneys and metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes, liver disease).
Examines urine physically, chemically, microscopically.
Urine samples should not sit at room temperature longer than 2 hours.
Common chemical examinations: pH, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, bilirubin, urobilinogen, specific gravity, nitrite, leukocyte esterase.
Physical examinations include color, volume, and clarity.

Clinical Laboratory Personnel

The staff includes the Laboratory Director (Pathologist), Laboratory Manager (Administrator), Technical Supervisor, Medical Laboratory Scientist, Medical Laboratory Technician, Laboratory Assistant, and Phlebotomist.

Phlebotomy and the Healthcare Field

Duties for phlebotomists include: Correct patient identification and preparation, appropriate blood collection, proper sample containers, correct labeling, appropriate sample transportation, effective interaction with patients and hospital personnel, processing samples for labs, computer operations and record-keeping, following all safety regulations and quality control checks, and participation in continuing education.

Professional and Personal Characteristics

Critical characteristics include dependability, cooperativeness, commitment, compassion, respectfulness, honesty, competence, organized, responsible, and flexible.
Communication skills are important, including verbal, listening, body language, and telephone skills.
Proper appearance, including clean/unwrinkled clothing, clean footwear, and proper hair/makeup, is also crucial.

Phlebotomy Education and Certification

Certification requirements include adaptive testing, professional organization membership, continuing education, and maintaining certification.

Health-Care Delivery System

Employment settings include hospitals, physician office laboratories (POLs), Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs), reference laboratories, urgent care centers, nursing homes, home health-care agencies and blood donor centers.

Hospital Patient Care Areas

Includes different areas based on patient types and conditions. Examples are Emergency Department (ED), Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Cardiac Care Unit, Pediatrics, Nursery, Neonatal Intensive Care, Labor and Delivery, Operating Room, Recovery Room, Psychiatric, Dialysis, Medical/Surgical units, Oncology, and Short-stay units.

Regulatory, Ethical, and Legal Issues

Agencies overseeing clinical laboratories include CLIA (Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988), JC (Joint Commission), CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute), and CAP (College of American Pathologists).
The Joint Commission has patient safety goals, such as accurate patient identification, improved communication, reduced infections, and patient involvement.
Ethical and Legal issues include patient's rights regarding informed consent, refusal of treatment, confidentiality. Tort law issues (intentional and unintentional) are also mentioned.
Sentinel events in a lab setting can result from errors like patient misidentification and sample mislabeling.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the Hematology section and other laboratory departments. This quiz covers key concepts such as blood collection methods, laboratory procedures, and test types in various sections. Perfect for students and professionals in the medical field.