Hematology and Hemostasis

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Which colony-stimulating factor primarily targets the production of monocytes?

GM-CSF
M-CSF (correct)
G-CSF
Multi-CSF

What is the primary mechanism by which platelets reduce the size of a break in a vessel wall?

Secreting endothelins to stimulate vessel dilation.
Physically contracting the vessel walls.
Creating a temporary patch on the damaged area. (correct)
Forming a structural matrix with fibrin.

Which sequence accurately describes the order of events in hemostasis following an injury?

Vascular phase, platelet phase, coagulation phase (correct)
Vascular phase, coagulation phase, platelet phase
Platelet phase, coagulation phase, vascular phase
Coagulation phase, vascular phase, platelet phase

What is the role of megakaryocytes in thrombocytopoiesis?

They produce platelets by shedding cytoplasm packets. (C) Signup and view all the answers

During the vascular phase of hemostasis, what changes occur in the endothelial cells?

They contract and expose the basement membrane. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the listed substances is NOT released by endothelial cells during the vascular phase?

Thrombopoietin (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone(s) regulate(s) platelet production?

Thrombopoietin (TPO), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Multi-CSF (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of endothelins released during the vascular phase of hemostasis?

Causing smooth muscle contraction and cell division (B) Signup and view all the answers

If a patient is diagnosed with pericarditis, which of the following symptoms would be most indicative of this condition?

A distinctive scratching sound heard during auscultation. (A) Signup and view all the answers

The systemic circuit delivers oxygen-rich blood to the body. Which chamber of the heart is responsible for pumping this blood into the systemic circuit?

Left ventricle (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood vessel is responsible for facilitating the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and the surrounding tissues?

Capillaries (D) Signup and view all the answers

Excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity can restrict the heart's movement, leading to a condition known as:

Cardiac tamponade (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the sequence of blood flow through the pulmonary circuit?

Right ventricle → Lungs → Left atrium (D) Signup and view all the answers

The right atrium receives blood from the systemic circuit. Where does this blood come from?

The body tissues (B) Signup and view all the answers

A surgeon needs to locate the division between the atria and ventricles of the heart. Which anatomical landmark should they use?

The coronary sulcus (D) Signup and view all the answers

If a patient has a blockage in a blood vessel that directly supplies the left ventricle with oxygenated blood, which type of vessel is most likely affected?

A coronary artery (D) Signup and view all the answers

Compared to the right ventricle, why is the left ventricle more muscular?

It needs to pump blood against higher resistance in the systemic circuit. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pericardial fluid found within the pericardial cavity?

To lubricate the heart and reduce friction. (A) Signup and view all the answers

An individual experiencing a myocardial infarction (MI) due to a blockage in a small arterial branch is MOST likely to experience which of the following immediate consequences?

Potential survival of the immediate crisis with possible later complications. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood markers would be MOST useful in diagnosing a recent myocardial infarction (MI)?

Elevated levels of cardiac troponin T and I (D) Signup and view all the answers

A patient is diagnosed with a myocardial infarction resulting from a thrombus formation at a plaque in a coronary artery. This condition is BEST described as:

Coronary thrombosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Following a myocardial infarction, a patient undergoes a procedure where a catheter with an inflatable balloon is used to press plaque against the vessel walls to improve blood flow. Which of the following BEST describes this procedure?

Balloon angioplasty (A) Signup and view all the answers

A patient recovering from a myocardial infarction is advised to modify their lifestyle to reduce future risk. Which combination of modifications would be MOST beneficial?

Stop smoking, treat high blood pressure, and increase physical activity. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cardiac muscle cell is MOST directly responsible for initiating and coordinating the heartbeat?

Autorhythmic cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

Following evaluation of a patient presenting with symptoms suggestive of a myocardial infarction (MI), the physician concludes that the area of affected tissue is nonfunctional due to cell death. This area is BEST described as:

An infarct (B) Signup and view all the answers

A patient has a severely blocked coronary artery, and the physician decides to use a small section of another vessel to create a detour around the obstruction. This surgical procedure is BEST described as:

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) (A) Signup and view all the answers

During a normal heartbeat, which of the following BEST describes the sequence of contractions in the heart chambers?

Atria contract first, then the ventricles. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the primary function of the conducting system of the heart?

To initiate and distribute electrical impulses that stimulate contraction. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does increased afterload affect stroke volume, and what physiological mechanism primarily causes this change?

Stroke volume decreases because ventricles must generate more tension to eject blood, reducing the ejection fraction. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between end-systolic volume (ESV), sympathetic stimulation, and ejection fraction?

Sympathetic stimulation decreases ESV and increases ejection fraction. (D) Signup and view all the answers

A patient's cardiac output increases significantly during exercise. Which combination of factors would most directly contribute to this increase?

Increased heart rate due to sympathetic stimulation and increased stroke volume due to enhanced contractility. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How might pharmaceutical drugs influence heart contractility, and what is a common mechanism through which they achieve this?

By mimicking or blocking hormone actions, such as stimulation of alpha/beta receptors or blocking calcium channels. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional significance of capillaries having thin walls composed of only one layer of cells?

To facilitate efficient exchange of substances between blood and interstitial fluid. (C) Signup and view all the answers

If a patient has a significantly reduced cardiac reserve, what does this indicate about their heart's functional capacity?

The patient's heart has a limited ability to increase cardiac output above resting levels. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the pulmonary trunk in the cardiovascular system?

To carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary circulation. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of proenzymes in the coagulation phase?

They are converted into active enzymes that catalyze reactions in the clotting cascade. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A patient's blood test reveals a deficiency in Vitamin K. How would this deficiency most likely affect the coagulation process?

Reduced production of prothrombin, ultimately decreasing thrombin formation. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the common pathway contribute to the overall process of blood clot formation?

By converging the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways to activate prothrombin and fibrinogen. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms prevents the excessive spread of a platelet plug?

Breakdown of ADP by circulating enzymes. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of PF-3 in the intrinsic pathway of coagulation?

It is released by platelets and activates an enzyme complex that leads to Factor X activation. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does thrombomodulin function in the regulation of blood clotting?

It activates protein C, which inactivates clotting factors and stimulates plasmin formation. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which antithrombin-III inhibits blood clotting?

By inactivating thrombin and other clotting factors. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of blood clotting, what is the significance of clot retraction?

It pulls the torn edges of the vessel closer together, reducing bleeding and stabilizing the injury site. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does the positive feedback loop involving thrombin contribute to the coagulation process?

It stimulates the formation of tissue factor and the release of PF-3 by platelets, accelerating the clotting process. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key difference between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of blood coagulation?

The extrinsic pathway involves fewer steps and results in a faster activation of Factor X compared to the intrinsic pathway. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSFs)

Hormones that regulate WBC populations.

Multi-CSF

Accelerates production of granulocytes, monocytes, platelets, and RBCs.