Hematocrit Measurement and Complete Blood Count (CBC)
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary method of hematocrit measurement in clinical practice?

  • Manual counting of red blood cells under a microscope
  • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate estimation
  • Direct measurement by an automated machine
  • Calculation based on hemoglobin and red blood cell volume (correct)

    • What is the expected increase in hematocrit after transfusion of one unit of packed red blood cells?

  • 5%
  • 1%
  • 3% (correct)
  • 10%

    • What is the term for the set of medical laboratory tests that provide information about the cells in a person's blood?

  • Blood Cell Analysis
  • Hematological Profile
  • Full Blood Examination
  • Complete Blood Count (CBC) (correct)

    • What is the purpose of measuring erythrocyte indices in a complete blood count?

    <p>To help diagnose the cause of anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of measurement for mean cell volume (MCV)?

    <p>Fl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in a white blood cell differential?

    <p>Count of different types of white blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of machine is used to perform a complete blood count?

    <p>Automated Celltac ES CBC machine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)?

    <p>Hb / RBC × 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal number of platelets per cubic millimeter?

    <p>250.000-500.000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the life span of platelets in the circulation?

    <p>8-12 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the reticuloendothelial system in relation to platelets?

    <p>To remove platelets from the circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the stoppage of bleeding from blood vessels?

    <p>Hemostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of inflating the blood pressure cuff to 40 mmHg in the Ivy Method?

    <p>To control capillary tone and improve sensitivity and reproducibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the depth of the incision made in the Ivy Method?

    <p>1 millimeter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the formation of blood clots?

    <p>Coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the method used to determine bleeding time?

    <p>Ivy Method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)?

    <p>Hct × 10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for anemia with MCV less than the lower limit of normal and MCH within normal range?

    <p>Microcytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of MCH in picograms/cell?

    <p>27-31</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of normocytic/normochromic anemia?

    <p>Sudden blood loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for anemia with MCV within normal range and MCH less than the lower limit of normal?

    <p>Hypochromic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of MCHC in grams/deciliter?

    <p>32-36</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a cause of macrocytic/normochromic anemia?

    <p>Vitamin B12 deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate mean corpuscular volume (MCV)?

    <p>Hct / RBC count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary association of the fourth heart sound?

    <p>Ventricular hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which area is the pulmonary valve best heard?

    <p>2nd left intercostal space beside the sternal border</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the third heart sound?

    <p>Low-pitched and occurs during early ventricular filling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an abnormal heart sound due to turbulent blood flow?

    <p>Murmur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the first heart sound occur?

    <p>Isovolumetric contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the mitral area?

    <p>5th intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is associated with ventricular dilation?

    <p>Third heart sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the tricuspid area?

    <p>Lower end of the sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pricking the fingertip with a sterilized needle in the capillary tube method?

    <p>To record the time of pricking by stopwatch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of coagulation time?

    <p>3-8 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of prolongation of coagulation time in hemophilia?

    <p>Deficiency of factor VIII, IX, and XI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of the microscope slide method over the capillary tube method?

    <p>It is not mentioned in the content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of hemophilia?

    <p>Severe hemorrhage from minor trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of administration of anticoagulant on coagulation time?

    <p>It prolongs the coagulation time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the shortening of coagulation time after a meal?

    <p>Increase in the platelet count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of the coagulation time test?

    <p>It is rather insensitive to changes in clotting factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hematocrit Measurement

    • Hematocrit is typically measured from a blood sample using an automated machine
    • Machines do not directly measure hematocrit, but calculate it based on hemoglobin amount and average red blood cell volume
    • One unit of packed red blood cells will elevate the hematocrit by about 3%

    Complete Blood Count (CBC)

    • A set of medical laboratory tests that provide information about blood cells
    • CBC includes:
      • Counts of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
      • Concentration of hemoglobin
      • Hematocrit (volume percentage of red blood cells)
      • Red blood cell indices (average size and hemoglobin content of red blood cells)
      • White blood cell differential (counts of different types of white blood cells)

    Red Blood Cell Indices

    • Used to help diagnose the cause of anemia
    • Include:
      • Mean cell (or corpuscular) volume (MCV)
      • Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)
      • Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

    Anemia Classification

    • Based on cell size (MCV) and amount of hemoglobin (MCH)
    • Types of anemia:
      • Microcytic anemia (MCV < lower limit of normal)
      • Normocytic anemia (MCV within normal range)
      • Macrocytic anemia (MCV > upper limit of normal)
      • Hypochromic anemia (MCH < lower limit of normal)
      • Normochromic anemia (MCH within normal range)
      • Hyperchromic anemia (MCH > upper limit of normal)

    ABO Blood Groups

    • Each person receives an A, a B, or an O gene from each parent

    Bleeding Time

    • Measured using the Ivy Method
    • Normal bleeding time is 2-9 minutes
    • Causes of prolonged bleeding time:
      • Decreased number of thrombocytes
      • Impaired blood vessels
      • Diseases such as thrombocytopenic purpura, thromboasthenic purpura, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
      • Aspirin and other cyclooxygenase inhibitors

    Coagulation Time

    • Measured using the capillary tube method or microscope slide method
    • Normal coagulation time is 3-8 minutes
    • Causes of prolonged coagulation time:
      • Hemophilia (due to deficiency of factor VIII, IX, and XI)
      • Vitamin K deficiency (due to deficiency of factors II, VII, IX, and X)
      • Administration of anticoagulant
    • Causes of shortened coagulation time:
      • After a meal
      • After hemorrhage
      • After splenectomy
      • After general anesthesia due to an increase in platelet count

    Heart Sounds

    • Heart sounds are classified into four types:
      • S1 (Isovolumetric contraction)
      • S2 (Isovolumetric relaxation)
      • S3 (Early ventricular filling)
      • S4 (Atrial contraction)
    • Heart sounds are best heard at four auscultatory areas:
      • Aortic area
      • Pulmonary area
      • Tricuspid area
      • Mitral area

    Heart Murmurs

    • Abnormal heart sounds due to turbulent blood flow
    • Murmurs are classified based on their characteristics and location

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    Description

    Learn about the hematocrit measurement and its calculation based on hemoglobin and red blood cell volume. Understand the impact of packed red blood cells on hematocrit and the Complete Blood Count (CBC) experiment.

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