Heat Transfer: Conduction and Convection

Study Notes

Heat is a form of energy that is transferred from one body to another due to a difference in temperature.
It is a form of kinetic energy associated with the motion of particles in a substance.

Conduction: heat transfer through direct contact between particles or molecules.
- Occurs in solids, where particles vibrate and collide, transferring energy.
Convection: heat transfer through the movement of fluids.
- Occurs in liquids and gases, where heated fluid expands and rises, carrying energy away from the source.
Radiation: heat transfer through electromagnetic waves.
- Occurs through electromagnetic radiation, such as light and radio waves.

Thermal Conductivity: the ability of a material to conduct heat.
Specific Heat Capacity: the amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance by 1°C.
Latent Heat: the energy required to change the state of a substance (e.g., melting or boiling).

Joule (J): the SI unit of energy and heat.
Calorie (cal): a unit of heat energy, defined as the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C.
Thermometer: a device used to measure temperature.

Heating and Cooling Systems: used in buildings, vehicles, and electronic devices.
Thermal Energy Generation: used in power plants to generate electricity.
Cooking and Food Preparation: used in various cooking methods, such as grilling, baking, and boiling.

Heat is a form of energy that is transferred from one body to another due to a difference in temperature.
It is a form of kinetic energy associated with the motion of particles in a substance.

Conduction: direct contact between particles or molecules transfers heat energy, occurring in solids where particles vibrate and collide.
Convection: heat transfer occurs through the movement of fluids, where heated fluid expands and rises, carrying energy away from the source, occurring in liquids and gases.
Radiation: heat transfer occurs through electromagnetic waves, such as light and radio waves.

Thermal Conductivity: measures a material's ability to conduct heat.
Specific Heat Capacity: the amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance by 1°C.
Latent Heat: energy required to change the state of a substance (e.g., melting or boiling).

Joule (J): the SI unit of energy and heat.
Calorie (cal): a unit of heat energy, defined as the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C.
Thermometer: a device used to measure temperature.

Heating and Cooling Systems: used in buildings, vehicles, and electronic devices to control temperature.
Thermal Energy Generation: used in power plants to generate electricity through heat energy conversion.
Cooking and Food Preparation: heat energy is used in various cooking methods, such as grilling, baking, and boiling.

Average kinetic energy of particles in a substance measures temperature
Measured in °C, °F, or K
Scales:
- Celsius: 0°C (water freezing point), 100°C (water boiling point)
- Fahrenheit: 32°F (water freezing point), 212°F (water boiling point)
- Kelvin: 0K (absolute zero), 273K (water freezing point), 373K (water boiling point)
Temperature affects heat transfer rate, with higher temperatures increasing heat transfer