33 Questions
What is the primary site of infection for dirofilaria immitus?
Pulmonary arterial tree
Which bacteria has a symbiotic relationship with D. immitis, improving the adult heartworms' fertility and fortitude?
Wolbachia
What specific protein produced by Wolbachia contributes to immune/inflammatory responses in infected animals?
Wolbachia Surface Protein (WSP)
In what part of the body does Wolbachia Surface Protein (WSP) primarily target?
Lungs and kidneys
What is the role of Wolbachia in the life cycle of dirofilaria immitus?
Enhancing fertility and strength of adult heartworms
Which of the following is NOT a listed objective related to Heartworm Disease in the text provided?
Describing the transmission method of heartworms
What is a common recommendation by Dr. Mac for animals that are heartworm positive?
Chest X-rays
Which diagnostic technique is commonly used to assess for the presence of worms in the pulmonary arteries?
Echocardiography
What is a common clinical presentation of Heartworm Associated Respiratory Disease (HARD) in dogs?
Hemoptysis
Which medication is commonly prescribed for Heartworm Associated Respiratory Disease (HARD) in cats?
Prednisone
What is a common finding in imaging studies for animals with heartworm disease?
Dilated main pulmonary artery
What is considered pathognomonic for heartworm disease in histopathology?
Villous arteritis
What is the recommended protocol for treating Class III heartworm disease in dogs?
One injection of 2.5 mg/kg body weight followed by two injections of the same dose 24 hours apart
What is the concern associated with continuous monthly administration of prophylactic doses of macrocyclic lactone alone?
Delayed adulticidal effect
Which area is specified for the administration of Melarsomine Dihydrochloride?
Between L3 and L5 vertebrae
Why is it important to check Microfilaria (MF) status before treatment?
To avoid adverse effects from a high MF burden
What is the purpose of the two-injection protocol recommended for Class I and II heartworm disease?
To kill about 90% of adult worms
According to Keister et al, 1992; Vezzoni et al, 1992, how long does it take for adult heartworms to be 95% eliminated with continuous administration of macrocyclic lactones?
Over 2 years
What is the purpose of exercise restriction in heartworm treatment?
To delay the progression of pathology
When should the HW Antigen test be repeated post-adulticidal therapy if the initial test at 6 months is still positive?
9 months post-therapy
What may be the reason behind a positive microfilaria (MF) test 6 months post-treatment?
Repeat infection due to lack of preventative compliance
When do thromboembolic events typically occur post-injection in heartworm-infected animals?
7-10 days post-injection
What are some common clinical signs associated with thromboembolic complications in heartworm-infected animals?
Low-grade fever, cough, tachypnea, hemoptysis
How long will worms continue dying after adulticidal therapy?
Up to 1 month post-therapy
Which host serves as the definitive host for heartworms?
Ferrets
When should heat treatment be recommended for heartworm diagnosis?
If clinical signs strongly suggest heartworm disease
What is the primary purpose of the Heartworm Antibody Test?
To assess for antibodies indicating heartworm exposure
In heartworm testing for dogs, when is microfilaria testing typically recommended?
If the dog is antigen positive
Which of the following is NOT a common clinical sign of heartworm disease in dogs?
Vomiting
What type of test is recommended for cats before starting preventative treatment?
SNAP antigen test
Which of the following animals can act as intermediate hosts for heartworms?
Human
What does the presence of antibodies indicate in heartworm infection?
Previous exposure
When should heartworm testing be conducted in dogs according to the provided text?
Before starting preventative treatment or after a lapse in coverage
Learn about the life cycle of Dirofilaria immitus, clinical presentation, diagnostics, and therapy for Heartworm Disease in dogs and cats. Get familiar with classic history, physical exam findings, and pathology associated with the disease.
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