Heart Structure and Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of congenital heart diseases are classified as cyanotic?

  • 30%
  • 20%
  • 80% (correct)
  • 5%

    • Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of congenital heart disease?

  • Maternal irradiation
  • Maternal use of antibiotics (correct)
  • Fetal alcohol syndrome
  • Maternal diabetes

    • Which congenital heart disease is most commonly associated with Down syndrome?

  • Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
  • Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
  • Pulmonary stenosis (PS)
  • Endocardial cushion defect (CAVC) (correct)

    • What is the most common etiology of congenital heart diseases?

    <p>Multifactorial or polygenic inheritance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common presentation of congenital heart disease?

    <p>Heart murmur (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of heart sound is associated with a slapping quality?

    <p>Mitral Stenosis (MS) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of an impalpable apex beat?

    <p>Pulmonary stenosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with a shifted apex beat outward and downward in the next intercostal space, localized and strong, is most likely experiencing:

    <p>Left ventricular enlargement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following signs is NOT typically associated with pulmonary hypertension?

    <p>Prominent S1 at the apex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely cause of physiological palpitation?

    <p>Anxiety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cardiac cycle corresponds to the QRS complex on an ECG?

    <p>Ventricular Systole (first phase) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the semilunar valves during the second phase of ventricular systole?

    <p>Ejecting blood from the ventricles into the arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the T-wave on an ECG?

    <p>It represents ventricular repolarization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the AV valves close?

    <p>Ventricular Systole (first phase) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valves are responsible for preventing backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles?

    <p>Semilunar valves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary diagnostic tool for investigating congenital heart disease?

    <p>Echocardiography with Doppler (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is NOT present in an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

    <p>U wave (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vessel is part of the fetal circulation diagram?

    <p>Superior vena cava (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional tests should be performed if congenital heart disease is suspected?

    <p>Chest X-ray and ECG (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the diagram of fetal circulation illustrate?

    <p>Flow of blood in a fetus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical location for auscultating the aortic valve?

    <p>2nd intercostal space right sternal border (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what location does the apex typically form in adults?

    <p>5th intercostal space in MCL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), how is the apex shifted?

    <p>Outwards and diffuse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding the apex in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is true?

    <p>It is usually localized and forcible. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For children under 4 years, where is the apex hardly located?

    <p>5th intercostal space in MCL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two upper chambers of the human heart called?

    <p>Left atrium and right atrium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve is involved in pumping blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?

    <p>Pulmonary valve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the right atrium receive blood from?

    <p>Superior and inferior vena cava (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chambers does the human heart have?

    <p>Four (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following valves is NOT part of the heart structure?

    <p>Coronary valve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the mitral valve?

    <p>Prevent backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

    <p>Left atrium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta?

    <p>Aortic semilunar valve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the atrio-ventricular valves primarily do?

    <p>Prevent backflow from the ventricles to the atria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cusps does the tricuspid valve have?

    <p>Three (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary abnormality associated with pulmonary stenosis in Fallot Tetralogy?

    <p>Pulmonary infundibular or valvular narrowing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component contributes to the central cyanosis seen in Fallot Tetralogy?

    <p>Partial desaturation of blood entering the aorta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effects the appearance of cyanosis in infants with Fallot Tetralogy?

    <p>Degree of pulmonary stenosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of Fallot Tetralogy leads to equal pressure in the ventricles?

    <p>Large ventricular septal defect (VSD) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic finding in the ventricular structure of patients with Fallot Tetralogy?

    <p>Thickened right ventricular wall (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood flows from the body to the heart in normal fetal circulation?

    <p>Deoxygenated blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of Tetralogy of Fallot?

    <p>Clubbing (B), Cyanosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from an open ductus arteriosus after birth?

    <p>Patent Ductus Arteriosus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)?

    <p>Cyanosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of cyanosis in cyanogenic heart defects?

    <p>Mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary origin of the first heart sound "S1"?

    <p>Closure of mitral &amp; tricuspid valves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which condition is the first heart sound "S1" increased?

    <p>Mitral stenosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the second heart sound "S2" best heard?

    <p>Over aortic &amp; pulmonary areas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the timing of the third heart sound "S3"?

    <p>During diastole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does aortic murmur intensity change with position?

    <p>Increases when leaning forward (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Heart Structure and Function

    • The heart is a four-chambered organ: two atria (upper chambers) and two ventricles (lower chambers)
    • The heart also has four valves:
      • Tricuspid
      • Pulmonary
      • Mitral
      • Aortic

    Heart Valves

    • Atrioventricular (AV) Valves:

      • Function: Prevent blood flowing back into the atria from the ventricles.
      • Tricuspid Valve: Located between the right atrium and right ventricle. It has three cusps (leaflets): Anterior/anterosuperior, septal, and posterior/inferior.
      • Mitral Valve (Bicuspid): Located between the left atrium and left ventricle. It has two cusps (leaflets): anterior/aortic and posterior/mural.

    • Semilunar Valves:

      • Function: Prevent blood flowing back into the ventricles from the great vessels
      • Pulmonary Semilunar Valve: Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk. It has three semilunar cusps/leaflets: Anterior/non-adjacent, left/left adjacent, and right/right adjacent.
      • Aortic Semilunar Valve: Between the left ventricle and the opening of the aorta. It has three semilunar cusps/leaflets: Left/left coronary valve, right/right coronary valve, and posterior/non-adjacent.

    Blood Flow Through the Heart

    • The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body's largest veins: superior vena cava (SVC) and inferior vena cava (IVC).
    • The right atrium pumps the blood through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle.
    • The right ventricle pumps the blood through the pulmonary valve to the lungs for oxygenation.
    • Oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium.
    • The left atrium pumps the blood through the mitral valve to the left ventricle.
    • The left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood to the aorta and the rest of the body (Cardiac output).

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the anatomy and function of the heart, including its chambers and valves. This quiz covers key concepts such as the roles of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves in the circulatory system. Challenge yourself to understand the complex structure that sustains life.

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