CLASS 8 BIOLOGY: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

What is the approximate size of an adult human heart?

In which cavity is the heart located?

What is the name of the double-walled sac that encloses the heart?

What type of fluid is present between the heart wall and pericardium?

What type of muscle cells make up the heart?

How many chambers does the heart consist of?

What are the upper two chambers of the heart called?

What is the primary function of the ventricles?

What separates the right and left sides of the heart?

Which valve guards the opening between the right auricle and the right ventricle?

Which valve has two cusps?

Where is the aortic semilunar valve located?

What is another name for the sino-atrial node (SAN)?

What is the main function of the aorta?

Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium?

What type of blood do the superior and inferior vena cava carry?

What is the circulation of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and from the lungs to the left auricle called?

What is the circulation of oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all body parts and back to the right atrium called?

What determines a person's blood group?

What structural adaptation of the ventricles enables them to efficiently pump blood to different parts of the body?

If the septum has a small hole, allowing mixing of blood between the right and left sides of the heart, which of the following is MOST likely to occur?

Damage to the bicuspid valve would MOST directly affect the flow of blood between which two locations?

Why is the sino-atrial (SA) node referred to as the 'pacemaker' of the heart?

If the pulmonary artery were blocked, which of the following would MOST immediately be affected?

Which sequence BEST describes the flow of blood through the pulmonary circulation?

In systemic circulation, which vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body?

Why is double circulation important in mammals?

What is the primary determinant of a person's blood group (A, B, AB, or O)?

A person with blood group O has:

What is the MOST direct consequence of cardiac arrest?

How does hypertension directly increase the risk of a heart attack?

Which of the following is a key difference between lymph and blood?

What is the primary role of lymphocytes found in lymph?

Which of the following describes the function of lymph nodes?

The unique ability of lymph vessels to absorb lipids and large molecules is due to what?

After tissue fluid enters the lymph vessels, where does it eventually flow?

What is the primary function of the fluid present within the pericardium?

In a healthy heart, which event occurs immediately after the sinoatrial (SA) node generates an electrical impulse?

What would be the MOST likely consequence of a faulty sino-atrial node?

If a patient's aortic semilunar valve is severely stenotic (narrowed), which compensatory mechanism is MOST likely to occur in the heart to maintain systemic blood flow?

A researcher is investigating the effects of a novel drug on cardiac muscle contraction. If the drug selectively blocks L-type calcium channels in cardiac myocytes, which of the following effects on the heart's function is MOST likely to be observed?

A patient presents with persistent tachycardia (rapid heart rate) and is diagnosed with a mutation affecting the funny channels (If channels) in their sinoatrial (SA) node cells. How does this mutation MOST likely contribute to the patient's condition?

A hematologist is examining a patient's blood sample and observes a significant increase in the number of lymphocytes, but the patient shows no signs of acute infection. Which of the following conditions could MOST likely explain this observation?

A researcher is studying the effects of a drug on lymphatic vessel contractility. If the drug inhibits the function of smooth muscle cells within the walls of lymphatic vessels, which of the following outcomes is MOST likely?

In a patient with a severely weakened right ventricle, which of the following compensatory mechanisms is LEAST likely to be effective in maintaining adequate cardiac output?

A patient with a history of rheumatic fever develops mitral valve stenosis. Which of the following physiological changes is MOST directly attributable to this condition?

A toxicology study reveals that a particular compound selectively impairs the function of the coronary arteries. Which of the following is the MOST likely consequence of this impairment?

A researcher is investigating the effects of a specific inflammatory cytokine on cardiac function. If the cytokine is found to significantly increase the permeability of the myocardial capillary endothelium, leading to fluid leakage into the interstitial space, what is the MOST likely direct consequence?

A patient undergoes a heart transplant. Post-surgery, the transplanted heart is denervated (lacking nerve connections to the recipient's body). Which of the following adaptations would be MOST critical for maintaining adequate cardiac function in this denervated heart?

The heart is enclosed in a single-walled sac called the pericardium.

The left ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary artery.

The bicuspid valve has three cusps.

Blood group O has both A and B antigens.

The sinoatrial node (SAN) is also known as the pacemaker of the heart.

The pulmonary vein carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

The aorta is the main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the body.

The right atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

Ventricles are smaller than the auricles (atria) and have thin walls.

The pulmonary circulation involves the circulation of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and from the lungs to the left auricle.

Lymph contains red blood cells.

The coronary artery carries blood to the brain.

Hypertension is also called low blood pressure.

Cardiac arrest is a condition in which there is increased heart activity.

Blood flows once through the heart in double circulation.

The heart is located in the abdominal cavity, enclosed in a single-walled sac called the pleura.

The atria are the 'distributing chambers' of the heart, pumping blood into the lungs and other body parts.

The septum ensures that oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix freely within the heart.

The tricuspid valve is located between the left auricle and left ventricle.

The pulmonary semilunar valve is positioned at the origin point of the aorta from the left ventricle.

The sinoatrial node (SAN), or pacemaker, is situated in the wall of the left atrium.

The pulmonary artery carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

Coronary arteries transport blood away from the heart muscle, while coronary veins deliver blood to the heart muscle.

The inferior vena cava drains deoxygenated blood from the head and shoulders directly into the left atrium.

In systemic circulation, deoxygenated blood flows from the left ventricle to all body parts, then returns to the right atrium via the vena cava.

Blood group O contains both A and B antigens on the surface of red blood cells.

During cardiac arrest, the heart beats rapidly and forcefully, leading to increased blood flow and body temperature.

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, enhances blood vessel health and eases strain on the heart.

Lymph contains a high proportion of red blood cells, giving it a distinct red color similar to blood.

Lymph vessels lack valves, promoting the backflow of tissue fluid within the lymphatic system.

The heart is enclosed in a double-walled sac called the ______.

The human heart consists of four ______.

The upper two chambers of the heart are called ______ or atria.

The lower two chambers of the heart are called ______.

The ______ valve guards the opening between the right auricle and the right ventricle.

The bicuspid valve guards the opening between the left auricle and the left ______.

The aortic semilunar valve is located at the origin of the ______ from the left ventricle.

The pulmonary semilunar valve is located at the opening of the right ventricle into the pulmonary ______.

The sino-atrial node, or ______, is the heartbeat regulator.

The main artery carrying oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body is the ______.

The right ventricle forces blood into the pulmonary ______, which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary ______.

The ______ artery carries blood to the heart muscles.

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena ______.

The circulation of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left auricle is called ______ circulation.

The heart is enclosed in a double-walled sac called the ______, which contains a fluid to protect it from shocks and jerks.

The ______ receive blood from different body parts and are often referred to as the 'receiving chambers' of the heart.

The left auricle opens into the left ventricle through the left ______ aperture.

The ______ valve, which has three cusps, is located between the right auricle and the right ventricle.

The ______ is often called the 'pacemaker' of the heart because it generates the electrical impulse that triggers heartbeats.

The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the ______ to the rest of the body.

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the ______ to the lungs for purification.

The ______ receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

Blood circulates twice through the heart which is why it's referred to as ______ circulation.

In pulmonary circulation, deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs via the ______.

People with blood group AB have both A and ______ antigens on the surface of their red blood cells.

______ is a condition in which there is complete stoppage of the heart’s activity and the heart stops pumping blood in our body.

______ is also called high blood pressure in which the blood pressure in arteries is elevated

Lymph vessels have ______ to prevent the back flow of tissue fluid.

In all lymph vessels, tissue fluid flows towards the upper ______ and passes through various lymph nodes that filter bacteria and cell debris.

What is the double-walled sac that encloses the heart called?

Name the muscle cells that the heart is made of.

What is the main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body?

What type of blood does the pulmonary artery carry, and to which organ does it transport it?

What is the function of the coronary artery?

Name the valve that is located between the right atrium and right ventricle.

What is the valve located between the left atrium and the left ventricle called?

What is the name of the condition also known as high blood pressure?

What is the fluid that flows in the lymph vessels called?

Name the four blood groups in humans.

What is the condition called in which there is complete stoppage of the heart’s activity?

What two major veins empty blood into the right atrium?

How does the structural difference between the atria and ventricles reflect their specific functions in the heart?

What is the significance of the septum in the heart's structure, and what circulatory problem could arise if it were defective?

Describe the coordinated function of the sinoatrial node (SAN), atrioventricular node (AVN) and Purkinje fibers in the heart's electrical conduction system and the impact on effective hear contraction.

Explain how the heart valves ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart, focusing on the role of pressure gradients.

How do pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation work together to ensure oxygen delivery to body tissues and carbon dioxide removal?

Describe the roles of both the pulmonary artery and the pulmonary vein during blood circulation. Make sure to discuss whether each carries oxygenated or deoxygenated blood.

During a cardiac arrest, what is the primary issue that leads to the heart's failure to pump blood, and why is this condition life-threatening?

How do the coronary arteries and coronary veins support the function of the heart itself, and what happens if these vessels become compromised?

Explain the role of antigens and antibodies in determining blood groups and how mismatched transfusions can lead to clumping of red blood cells.

Describe the composition of lymph and its functions in the lymphatic system. How does lymph contribute to both nutrition and defense within the body?

Compare and contrast the composition and function of blood and lymph. In what ways do these fluids differ in their roles within the circulatory and lymphatic systems?

Explain how hypertension can negatively affect the heart and blood vessels, and describe lifestyle modifications one could implement to manage hypertension?

What are the key steps of blood circulation through the heart, beginning with deoxygenated blood entering from systemic circulation and ending with oxygenated blood being pumped into the systemic circulation?

How is the flow of lymph facilitated through the lymphatic vessels, and what mechanisms prevent the backflow of tissue fluid?

Explain the effect of a faulty sino-atrial node (SAN) on heart function and the function an artificial pacemaker serves in addressing this issue?

If a patient's ECG indicates a malfunction in the sinoatrial node, what specific physiological consequence might directly result from this malfunction, and how would this manifest in terms of heart rate and rhythm?

Explain the significance of the septum in the heart's structure and predict the physiological consequences if a congenital defect resulted in a hole in this septum.

Describe the coordinated action of the atria and ventricles during a cardiac cycle, and explain how the valves ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart.

If a patient is diagnosed with mitral valve prolapse (bicuspid valve), where the valve doesn't close properly, what would be the expected effect on blood flow within the heart, and how could this be detected during a physical examination?

How do the structural differences between arteries and veins relate to their respective functions in the circulatory system? Consider factors like wall thickness, elasticity, and the presence or absence of valves.

Explain why individuals with blood type O are considered 'universal donors' and those with blood type AB are considered 'universal recipients,' considering the presence or absence of antigens and antibodies.

Describe the role of the lymphatic system in maintaining fluid balance and immune function within the body, and predict the consequences of lymphatic vessel blockage.

How does hypertension contribute to the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke? Explain the mechanisms involved.

Explain how the pulmonary circulation differs from the systemic circulation in terms of blood oxygenation and the vessels involved.

Describe the potential consequences of a complete blockage in a coronary artery and explain why this condition requires immediate medical intervention.