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Questions and Answers
What are the three cavities that make up the ventricle in the reptilian heart?
right ventricle, left ventricle, and venous cavity
Where is the heart located in birds?
In front of the liver in the pericardium cavity
What is the inter-ventricular septum in the bird heart?
A structure that separates the two ventricles
What is the function of the pulmonary artery in the circulatory system of reptiles?
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How does the circulatory system of mammals differ from that of reptiles?
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What is the function of the pulmonary veins in the circulatory system of reptiles?
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What is the purpose of the conus arteriosus in the reptilian heart?
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What is the difference between the circulation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals?
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What is the function of the left atrium in the circulatory system of birds?
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What is the purpose of the caudal vein in the reptilian circulatory system?
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Study Notes
Heart Structure and Function
- The heart has 4 valves: flaps of connective tissue that prevent backflow
- The heart sounds "Lub-Dub" due to the closing of valves and the force of blood against them
- The sinoatrial (SA) node is the pacemaker, embedded in the wall of the right atrium
- The atrioventricular (AV) node relays the impulse of the SA node to the ventricles
Blood Vessels
- There are three main types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries
- Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart under high pressure, with thick, elastic walls
- The pulmonary artery carries unoxygenated blood from the right ventricles to the lungs
- The aorta is the largest artery, carrying oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body
- Capillaries are highly permeable, allowing for exchange of substances between blood and tissues
- Arterioles are small arteries that branch off from larger arteries
- Venules are small veins that merge to form larger veins
Blood Composition
- Blood is composed of plasma (92%) and formed elements (8%)
- Plasma contains inorganic constituents (1%), nutrients, waste products, dissolved gases, and hormones
Cardiovascular Disease
- Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis: deposits in arteries narrow the channel, increasing blood pressure and heart attack risk
- Heart disease: blockage of coronary arteries can result in death of heart muscle, leading to a heart attack
Fetal Circulation
- The fetus receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother through the umbilical cord and placenta
- Waste products are sent back to the mother's circulation for elimination
- The fetal heart has a special opening, the foramen ovale, between the left and right atria
Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates
Fish
- Heart has 4 chambers: sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and conus arteriosus
- Circulatory system: heart → ventral aorta → afferent branchial arteries → lamellae (capillaries) → efferent branchial arteries → dorsal aorta → body tissues → venous system → heart
Amphibian, Reptile, Bird, and Mammal Hearts
- Amphibian heart: 3 compartments, mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
- Reptile heart: 3 cavities, pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
- Bird heart: cone-shaped, oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separated, no sinus venosus or conus arteriosus
- Mammal heart: 4 compartments, no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
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Description
Test your knowledge of the heart's structure and function, including the valves, heart sounds, and electrical nodes. Learn about the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, and how they regulate the heartbeat.
