Heart and Vascular System Chapter 6

Heart and Vascular System

• This is Chapter 6.
• The heart is a pump.

Heart

• The heart is a muscular organ.

Hypercholesterolemia

• This is related to the build-up of cholesterol in the arteries.
• Cholesterol can lead to plaque formation.

Vessel Calcification (Atherosclerosis)

• Plaque buildup in the arteries leads to vessel calcification.
• This can block blood flow.
• The blood supply is reduced to the tissue.

Consequences of Atherosclerosis

• Tissues lack oxygen.
• Blood pressure increases due to stiffening of the vessels.
• Blood clots (thrombi) form.
• Weak spots in the vessel walls can cause aneurysms.

Embolus

• An embolus can travel to the brain or heart and cause a stroke or heart attack.
• A brain stroke is an infarct in the brain.
• A heart attack is an infarct in the heart.

Peripheral Vascular Disease

• This is the calcification of the arteries in the arms and legs.

Causes and Risk Factors of Atherosclerosis

• The causes and risk factors of atherosclerosis are not explicitly stated in the notes you provided.

Atherosclerosis Treatment

• Prevention
• Medication
• Angioplasty or stenting
• Bypass surgery

Atherosclerosis Diagnostics

• ECG
• Echocardiography
• Angiography
• Cardiac catheterization

Acute Coronary Syndrome

• Questions about coronary arteries and their relationship with heart attacks and angina pectoris are raised.
• Questions regarding the differences between heart attacks and angina, and the causes, symptoms, and treatments of acute coronary syndrome are presented.

ECG Types

• STEMI (ST elevation myocardial infarction)
• NSTEMI (non-ST elevation myocardial infarction)
• Parts of the ECG waveform and their relation to heart function.
• During a heart attack one part or the whole coronary artery is blocked.

Acute Coronary Syndrome Treatment

• Pain relievers (analgesics)
• Beta-blockers (to reduce heart rate)
• Statins (to lower cholesterol)
• Anti-platelet drugs (to prevent blood clot formation)
• Blood thinners (anticoagulants)

Heart Attack

• The heart muscle is damaged when blood flow is blocked.

Heart Failure

• The heart is unable to pump blood efficiently.
• Tissues and organs are deprived of oxygen.
• Symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, swelling, and abnormal heart rhythms.

Types of Heart Failure

• Systolic (pumping problem)
• Diastolic (filling problem)
• Left-sided heart failure
• Right-sided heart failure
• Chronic
• Acute
• Temporary

Heart Failure Symptoms

• Fatigue
• Shortness of breath
• Swelling (oedema)
• Breathing difficulty at night
• Cold hands and feet
• Irregular heart beat
• Stomach and bowel complaints.

Acute Pulmonary Oedema

• Excess fluid buildup in the lungs.

Heart Arrhythmias in Heart Failure

• Tachycardia (fast heart rate)
• Bradycardia (slow heart rate)
• Risk factors of arrhythmias are discussed.

Heart Failure Treatment

• Medications, surgery and implantable devices.
• Pacemakers
• Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs)

This quiz covers Chapter 6 of the Heart and Vascular System, focusing on the anatomy and functions of the heart, the implications of hypercholesterolemia, and the consequences of atherosclerosis. Understand how these conditions affect blood flow and overall health.