Heart Anatomy Review

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When viewing the heart from a lateral perspective, the apex points in which direction relative to the base?

Caudodorsally
Cranioventrally
Craniodorsally
Caudoventrally (correct)

What is the primary function of the chordae tendineae within the heart?

To prevent the valve cusps from inverting into the atria during ventricular contraction. (correct)
To coordinate the contraction of the papillary muscles with the ventricular walls.
To facilitate the opening of the AV valves during ventricular filling.
To regulate the flow of blood from the atria to the ventricles.

A red blood cell has just passed through the tricuspid valve. Which of the following represents the next three structures/locations it will encounter in the correct sequence?

Right ventricle, pulmonic semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk (correct)
Pulmonary artery, lungs, left atrium
Pulmonary vein, lungs, left ventricle
Right ventricle, aorta, systemic circulation

A patient presents with pulmonary edema. Dysfunction of which heart valve is the most likely cause?

Mitral (Left AV) valve (B) Signup and view all the answers

Damage to the chordae tendineae would most directly compromise the function of which structure?

Atrioventricular valve cusps (D) Signup and view all the answers

A veterinarian auscultates a heart murmur in a dog, and suspects mitral valve insufficiency. Where would the murmur be most prominent?

Left sternal border, apical area (D) Signup and view all the answers

Afterload is a critical factor affecting cardiac function. Which of the following best describes afterload in the context of the left ventricle?

The resistance the left ventricle must overcome to eject blood during systole. (A) Signup and view all the answers

A cat is diagnosed with mitral valve stenosis. How would this condition most directly affect blood flow?

Impeded flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a monosynaptic reflex?

Patella reflex (A) Signup and view all the answers

The image shows a reflex arc. The arrow labelled #5 is showing a ______ neuron.

Motor Somatic (B) Signup and view all the answers

An injury in the which area of the spinal cord would affect lower motor neurons (LMN) to the front limb?

C6 – T2 (A) Signup and view all the answers

During a routine physical exam, a veterinarian detects the 'S1' heart sound. What physiological event most directly produces this sound?

The closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of ventricular systole. (D) Signup and view all the answers

When performing an anatomical study, a student identifies a small, ear-like appendage on the outside of the left atrium. Which anatomical term most accurately describes this structure?

Auricle (D) Signup and view all the answers

A canine patient is diagnosed with right-sided heart failure secondary to tricuspid valve insufficiency. Which clinical sign would most likely be observed during the initial physical examination?

An accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites). (D) Signup and view all the answers

Tracing the flow of oxygenated blood, which sequence most accurately represents the passage of blood from the lungs to the systemic circulation?

Pulmonary vein → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the function of the aortic semilunar valve?

It prevents the backflow of oxygenated blood from the aorta into the left ventricle. (B) Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cardiac cycle would you expect to hear the 'S1' heart sound, and what specific event causes it?

Systole; closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why is the term 'auricle' used to describe the side of the heart closest to the left ribs?

The shape of the auricles resembles ears and one is positioned on the left atrium. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the most likely mechanism by which right-sided heart failure leads to ascites?

Increased hydrostatic pressure in the portal venous system because of back pressure, causing fluid extravasation into the abdominal cavity. (C) Signup and view all the answers

After traveling through the pulmonary veins, oxygenated blood enters the left atrium. Which of the following describes the next step in the flow of blood?

The blood flows through the bicuspid valve and into the left ventricle. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What would be the most immediate consequence of a malfunctioning aortic semilunar valve?

Backflow of oxygenated blood into the left ventricle during diastole. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Heart Apex Direction

The apex points caudoventrally; the base points craniodorsally.

Chordae Tendineae

These inhibit cusp prolapse, connecting valve cusps to papillary muscles.