Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the approximate volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute?
What is the approximate volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute?
The apex of the heart points towards the right side of the body.
The apex of the heart points towards the right side of the body.
False
What separates the pulmonary and systemic circulations?
What separates the pulmonary and systemic circulations?
The heart
The __________ pericardium is the tough, fibrous outer layer that surrounds the heart.
The __________ pericardium is the tough, fibrous outer layer that surrounds the heart.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following components of the heart with their descriptions:
Match the following components of the heart with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the functions of the heart's valves?
What is one of the functions of the heart's valves?
Signup and view all the answers
The heart is located anterior to the sternum, lying primarily to the left side.
The heart is located anterior to the sternum, lying primarily to the left side.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason for needing to know the location and shape of the heart?
What is the primary reason for needing to know the location and shape of the heart?
Signup and view all the answers
Which valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk?
Which valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk?
Signup and view all the answers
The left coronary artery supplies most of the anterior wall of the heart and the right ventricle.
The left coronary artery supplies most of the anterior wall of the heart and the right ventricle.
Signup and view all the answers
What structure prevents the heart valves from opening into the atria?
What structure prevents the heart valves from opening into the atria?
Signup and view all the answers
The __________ artery lies in the anterior interventricular sulcus.
The __________ artery lies in the anterior interventricular sulcus.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following types of coronary arteries with their locations.
Match the following types of coronary arteries with their locations.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the cardiac skeleton?
What is the primary function of the cardiac skeleton?
Signup and view all the answers
The chordae tendineae are thin, strong, connective tissue strings that support the semilunar valves.
The chordae tendineae are thin, strong, connective tissue strings that support the semilunar valves.
Signup and view all the answers
Name one of the major arteries that branch from the left coronary artery.
Name one of the major arteries that branch from the left coronary artery.
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential result of increased CO2 levels in the body?
What is a potential result of increased CO2 levels in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Coronary heart disease decreases the blood supply to the myocardium.
Coronary heart disease decreases the blood supply to the myocardium.
Signup and view all the answers
What is a myocardial infarction commonly referred to as?
What is a myocardial infarction commonly referred to as?
Signup and view all the answers
A ___ is a hole in the septum between the left and right sides of the heart.
A ___ is a hole in the septum between the left and right sides of the heart.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following heart conditions with their descriptions:
Match the following heart conditions with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
What triggers the contraction of the heart?
What triggers the contraction of the heart?
Signup and view all the answers
The refractory period allows cardiac muscle to contract multiple times before relaxing.
The refractory period allows cardiac muscle to contract multiple times before relaxing.
Signup and view all the answers
What does the QRS complex represent in an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
What does the QRS complex represent in an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
Signup and view all the answers
The __________ fibers conduct action potentials rapidly to the ventricular walls.
The __________ fibers conduct action potentials rapidly to the ventricular walls.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following components of the heart's conduction system with their function:
Match the following components of the heart's conduction system with their function:
Signup and view all the answers
Which wave in the electrocardiogram indicates the repolarization of the ventricles?
Which wave in the electrocardiogram indicates the repolarization of the ventricles?
Signup and view all the answers
Action potentials in cardiac muscle are identical to those in skeletal muscle.
Action potentials in cardiac muscle are identical to those in skeletal muscle.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the PQ interval in an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
What is the significance of the PQ interval in an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the small cardiac vein?
What is the primary function of the small cardiac vein?
Signup and view all the answers
The coronary sinus is located on the anterior aspect of the heart.
The coronary sinus is located on the anterior aspect of the heart.
Signup and view all the answers
What type of epithelium composes the endocardium?
What type of epithelium composes the endocardium?
Signup and view all the answers
The myocardium is responsible for the ______ of the heart chambers.
The myocardium is responsible for the ______ of the heart chambers.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following components of cardiac muscle with their functions:
Match the following components of cardiac muscle with their functions:
Signup and view all the answers
Which phase follows the plateau phase in the action potential of cardiac muscle?
Which phase follows the plateau phase in the action potential of cardiac muscle?
Signup and view all the answers
Cardiac muscle cells contain a single, peripheral nucleus.
Cardiac muscle cells contain a single, peripheral nucleus.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the coronary sinus?
What is the role of the coronary sinus?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines tachycardia?
What defines tachycardia?
Signup and view all the answers
ECG is a direct measurement of the mechanical events of the heart.
ECG is a direct measurement of the mechanical events of the heart.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output (CO)?
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output (CO)?
Signup and view all the answers
The degree to which the ventricular walls are stretched at the end of diastole is known as ______.
The degree to which the ventricular walls are stretched at the end of diastole is known as ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the heart function terms with their definitions:
Match the heart function terms with their definitions:
Signup and view all the answers
What does the closure of the AV valves produce in heart sounds?
What does the closure of the AV valves produce in heart sounds?
Signup and view all the answers
Bradycardia is defined as a heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute.
Bradycardia is defined as a heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute.
Signup and view all the answers
What term describes abnormal heart sounds resulting from a faulty valve?
What term describes abnormal heart sounds resulting from a faulty valve?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
ANA 2 Anatomy and Physiology 2
- This course covers the human anatomy and physiology.
- The course facilitator is Mark Joseph V. Liwanag, MSN, RN.
Module 2 - Unit IV: Cardiovascular System: Heart
- The heart is a muscular organ, pumping blood throughout the body.
- It pumps approximately 5 liters of blood per minute.
- It's roughly the size of a closed fist.
Cardiovascular System
- The cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
- Pulmonary circulation involves the heart's right side pumping blood to the lungs and then back to the left side.
- Systemic circulation has the heart's left side pumping blood to the entire body, returning to the right side.
Heart Functions
- Generating blood pressure: Heart contractions produce blood pressure.
- Routing blood: Separates pulmonary and systemic blood flow.
- Ensuring one-way blood flow: Valves in the heart direct blood flow.
- Regulating blood supply: Heart rate and force change to support tissue needs.
Heart Size, Shape, and Location
- Apex: The blunt, rounded end of the heart.
- Base: The broader, flatter portion opposite the apex.
- Mediastinum: The midline partition in the chest cavity.
- Pericardial cavity: The surrounding cavity of the heart.
- Importance: Accurate stethoscope placement, ECG lead positioning, and CPR procedures depend on the heart's location.
Heart Location
- Apex: Located to the left of the fifth intercostal space, near the midclavicular line, approximately 7-9 cm from the sternum.
- Base: Under the sternum, around the second intercostal space
Anatomy of the Heart: Pericardium
- Pericardial cavity: The space where the heart lies.
- Pericardium/Pericardial sac: Surrounds and anchors the heart within the mediastinum.
- Fibrous pericardium: Tough, outer protective layer of connective tissue.
- Serous pericardium: Inner layer with epithelial and connective tissues.
- Parietal pericardium: Lines the fibrous pericardium.
- Visceral pericardium (epicardium): Covers the heart's surface.
- Pericardial fluid: Reduces friction as the heart moves.
Anatomy of the Heart: External Anatomy
- Atria: The entrance chambers at the heart's base.
- Ventricles: The heart's pumping chambers that extend from the base to the apex
- Sulci/Grooves: Contain blood vessels and fats on the heart's surface.
- Coronary sulcus: Separates atria and ventricles.
- Anterior interventricular sulcus: Extends inferiorly from the coronary sulcus on the anterior surface of the heart
- Posterior interventricular sulcus: Extends inferiorly from the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart
Anatomy of the Heart: External Anatomy (cont.)
- Veins: Large blood vessels carrying blood to the atria
- Superior and inferior vena cava: Bring blood to the right atrium.
- Pulmonary veins: Carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
- Arteries: Large vessels taking blood away from the ventricles
- Pulmonary arteries: Deliver blood to the lungs.
- Aorta: Transports blood to the rest of the body.
Anatomy of the Heart: Internal Anatomy (Atria)
- Atria: Blood collection areas.
- Right atrium receives blood from superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.
- Left atrium receives blood from pulmonary veins.
Anatomy of the Heart: Internal Anatomy (ventricles)
- Ventricles: The major pumping chambers, ejecting blood into arteries.
- Right ventricle: Pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk.
- Left ventricle: Pumps blood into the aorta. The left ventricle wall is thicker than the right.
Heart Valves
-
Atrioventricular (AV) valves: Control blood flow between atria and ventricles
- Tricuspid valve (right side): Between right atrium and right ventricle.
- Bicuspid/Mitral valve (left side): Between left atrium and left ventricle.
-
Semilunar valves: Regulate blood flow from ventricles to pulmonary trunk/aorta
- Pulmonary: Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
- Aortic: Between left ventricle and aorta.
Heart Valves (cont.)
- Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae: Prevent valve inversion during ventricular contraction.
Cardiac Skeleton
- A fibrous supportive structure.
- Isolates electrical activity between atria and ventricles.
- Provides a rigid attachment site for cardiac muscles.
Blood Flow Through the Heart
- Describes routes of blood flow through the heart, from veins to the right atrium, through the ventricles and into the arteries.
Blood Supply to the Heart
- Coronary arteries: Supply blood to the heart wall.
- Left coronary artery: Divides into Anterior interventricular artery, Circumflex artery, and Left marginal artery.
- Right coronary artery: Supplies blood to the right side of the heart, with branches including Posterior interventricular artery, and Right marginal artery.
Coronary Circulation (Veins)
- Coronary veins: Return blood from the heart wall.
- Great and small cardiac vein blood drains into the coronary sinus, then into the right atrium.
Histology of the Heart: Heart Wall
- Epicardium/Visceral Pericardium: Outermost layer, smooth surface, consists of simple squamous epithelium with connective tissue and adipose tissue.
- Myocardium: Middle layer, thickest, cardiac muscles, responsible for heart contraction.
- Endocardium: Innermost layer, simple squamous epithelium over connective tissue, forms the heart valves.
- Trabeculae carneae: Ridges and columns of cardiac muscle.
Histology of the Heart: Cardiac Muscle Cells
- Elongated, branching cells with centrally located nuclei.
- Myofilaments (actin and myosin) form sarcomeres.
- Rich in mitochondria for ATP production.
- Relies on Ca2+ and ATP for contraction.
Histology of the Heart: Cardiac Muscle (cont.)
- Intercalated disks: specialized cell-to-cell contacts which greatly increase contact, and prevent cells from pulling apart
- Gap junctions: specialized cell membrane structures allow cytoplasm to flow freely between cells.
Electrical Activity of the Heart
- Depolarization, Plateau and Repolarization phases in heart muscle cells.
- Different action potentials to skeletal muscle action potentials, due to the plateau phase.
- Refractory period (which is much longer than in skeletal muscle): Allows for the heart to complete contractions and relax.
Conduction System of the Heart
- Sinoatrial (SA) node: The heart's pacemaker.
- Atrioventricular (AV) node: Slows the action potential.
- Atrioventricular bundle: carries impulse to ventricles.
- Bundle branches: Carry impulse to ventricles.
- Purkinje fibers: Conduct rapid action potentials to ventricles.
- Action potentials travel through the conduction system, starting at the SA node, through the bundle, bundle branches, then to the Purkinje fibers.
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
- A record of the heart's electrical activity.
- P wave: Atrial depolarization.
- QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization.
- T wave: Ventricular repolarization.
- Intervals (e.g., PQ, PR, QT): Time between events.
Abnormal Heart Rhythms
- Tachycardia: Heart rate exceeding 100 beats/minute.
- Bradycardia: Heart rate below 60 beats/minute.
Cardiac Cycle
- A repetitive pumping process with several phases including:
- Atrial systole: Atria contract to fill ventricles.
- Ventricular systole (first phase): Ventricles contract to pump blood.
- Ventricular systole (second phase): Blood is ejected into large arteries.
- Ventricular diastole: Relaxation of ventricles allowing blood to actively refill the ventricles.
Heart Sounds
- Lubb: Closure of AV valves.
- Dub: Closure of semilunar valves.
- Murmurs: Abnormal heart sounds, caused by faulty valves.
- Stenosed valves: Valves with narrowed openings.
Regulation of Heart Function
- Cardiac output (CO): Volume of blood pumped per minute (CO = SV x HR).
- Stroke volume (SV): Volume of blood pumped per ventricle contraction.
- Heart rate (HR): Number of times the heart contracts per minute.
- Factors that regulate heart function: Nerves and Hormones.
Intrinsic Regulation of the Heart
- Venous Return: Amount of blood returning to the heart
- Preload: Degree ventricular walls are stretched at the end of diastole
- Starling's law of the Heart: Relationships between preload and stroke volume
- Afterload: Pressure against which ventricles pump blood
Extrinsic Regulation of the Heart
- Baroreceptor Reflex: Mechanism of the nervous system in regulating heart function.
- Baroreceptors: Stretch receptors monitoring blood pressure
- Cardioregulatory center: Receives and integrates action potentials.
Extrinsic Regulation of the Heart (cont.)
- Chemical Regulation: Chemoreceptor Reflex
- Epinephrine and Norepinephrine: Cause increased heart rate and stroke volume.
- Increased CO2: Increases sympathetic stimulation, thus heart rate and force of contraction.
Representative Diseases and Disorders of the Heart
- Coronary heart disease: Reduces blood supply to the heart muscle.
- Coronary thrombosis: Blood clots in coronary arteries.
- Myocardial infarction (heart attack): Damaged heart muscle due to lack of blood flow.
- Endocarditis: Inflammation of the endocardium, affects valves more severely.
- Pericarditis: Inflammation of the pericardium.
- Rheumatic heart disease: Infection in young people can cause inflammation and damage to the heart valves.
- Septal defect: Hole in the septum between the heart's chambers.
- Cyanosis: Insufficient heart function.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy and functions of the heart with this engaging quiz. From blood flow to heart valves and coronary arteries, assess your understanding of cardiovascular structures. Perfect for students studying anatomy or medicine.
