الثانية أناتومي CVS (قبل التعديل)
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Questions and Answers

What characterizes the posterior wall of the right atrium?

  • Contains musculi pectinati
  • Has an oval depression called the fossa ovalis (correct)
  • Is smooth and has the tricuspid orifice
  • Is defined by a well-developed valve

    • What is the function of the crista terminalis in the right atrium?

  • It acts as a chamber for storing blood
  • It separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
  • It marks the boundary between smooth and rough walls (correct)
  • It forms the valve for the superior vena cava

    • Which of the following features is not found in the left atrium?

  • Tricuspid orifice (correct)
  • Vena cordis minimi
  • Pulmonary vein openings
  • Musculi pectinati

    • Where do the pulmonary veins open in the left atrium?

    <p>In the upper part of the posterior wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the right ventricle from the left atrium?

    <p>Presence of semilunar cross-section</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the annulus ovalis?

    <p>As a boundary for the fossa ovalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure corresponds to the rough anterior wall of the right atrium?

    <p>Musculi pectinati</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which opening in the right atrium has a well-developed valve?

    <p>Coronary sinus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which point describes a location on the left border of the heart?

    <p>A point on the left 5th intercostal space, 9 cm from the midline (apex).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve lies behind the left 3rd costal cartilage at its junction with the sternum?

    <p>Pulmonary Valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the lower border of the heart?

    <p>Formed in its right 2/3 by the right ventricle and its left 1/3 by the left ventricle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the heart's borders is true?

    <p>The upper border is represented by a line from point A to B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the Aortic Valve located?

    <p>Behind the left margin of the sternum opposite the left 3rd intercostal space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood does the left ventricle receive?

    <p>Oxygenated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle?

    <p>Mitral valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature distinguishing the right ventricle from the left ventricle?

    <p>Type of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many papillary muscles are present in the right ventricle?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the trabeculae carne in the heart?

    <p>To assist in the contraction of the ventricular walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape does the cross-section of the left ventricle typically have?

    <p>Circular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes the shape of the tricuspid valve compared to the mitral valve?

    <p>Mitral valve is circular, tricuspid is oval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects the interventricular septum with the anterior papillary muscle?

    <p>Moderator band</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of the left ventricle wall compared to the right ventricle wall?

    <p>It is three times thicker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve has three cusps known as anterior, right, and left?

    <p>Pulmonary valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of the inflowing part of the left ventricle?

    <p>Smooth surface due to the aortic vestibule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the aortic valve located in relation to the sternum?

    <p>Opposite the left 3rd intercostal space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which values are associated with the tricuspid orifice?

    <p>Tricuspid valve only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the right ventricle's wall thickness compared to the left ventricle?

    <p>Right ventricle is thinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which papillary muscle arises from the anterior wall of the left ventricle?

    <p>Anterior papillary muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is not present in the left ventricle?

    <p>Moderator band</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the area of the left ventricle that is smooth and positioned below the aortic orifice?

    <p>Aortic vestibule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do chordae tendineae connect in the heart?

    <p>Papillary muscles to the cusps of the valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the interventricular septum?

    <p>To separate the two ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the interventricular septum is primarily muscular?

    <p>Muscular part.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the sinoatrial node located?

    <p>Upper part of the sulcus terminalis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the purkinje fibers in the heart?

    <p>To spread the impulse throughout the ventricles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature is located in the left 5th intercostal space?

    <p>Apex of the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the heart's conducting system divides into right and left branches?

    <p>Atrioventricular Bundle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is responsible for initiating excitation waves in the heart?

    <p>Sinoatrial node.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the interventricular septum?

    <p>Concave towards the left ventricle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure primarily forms the upper border of the heart?

    <p>Left atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical feature lies behind the midline of the sternum opposite the 4th intercostal space?

    <p>Tricuspid Valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which point describes a location along the right border of the heart?

    <p>Point C on the right 6th costal cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which line represents the boundary formed mainly by the left ventricle?

    <p>Line from D to A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the pulmonary valve located in relation to the left 3rd costal cartilage?

    <p>Behind the left 3rd costal cartilage at its junction with the sternum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure serves to prevent overdistention of the right ventricle?

    <p>Moderator band</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features contributes to the rough texture of the inflowing part of the left ventricle?

    <p>Trabeculae carne</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the characteristics of the aortic vestibule?

    <p>Smooth and situated above the aortic orifice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which papillary muscle is NOT present in the right ventricle?

    <p>Lateral papillary muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects the anterior papillary muscle with the interventricular septum?

    <p>Moderator band</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the configuration of the left ventricle wall compared to the right ventricle?

    <p>Three times thicker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the outflowing part of the right ventricle?

    <p>Smooth and known as the infundibulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle arises from the posterior wall of the left ventricle?

    <p>Posterior papillary muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the fossa ovalis in the right atrium?

    <p>It serves as a remnant of the foramen ovale from fetal development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which wall of the right atrium is described as 'rough' due to the presence of musculi pectinati?

    <p>Anterior wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the pulmonary veins open in the left atrium?

    <p>In the upper part of the posterior wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature characterizes the right ventricle in its anatomical structure?

    <p>Semilunar shape in cross section</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the annulus ovalis?

    <p>To delineate the boundary of the fossa ovalis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heart structure has no related valve to control its opening?

    <p>Superior vena cava</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structure that separates the right and left ventricles of the heart?

    <p>Interventricular septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the left auricle from the left atrium?

    <p>It contains a larger proportion of musculi pectinati.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve is located at the left atrioventricular opening?

    <p>Mitral valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the interventricular septum is predominantly composed of muscular tissue?

    <p>Muscular part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure acts as the heart's natural pacemaker?

    <p>Sinoatrial Node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the atrioventricular node located?

    <p>Lower part of the interatrial septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Purkinje fibers in the heart?

    <p>To spread the impulse throughout the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which groove marks the boundary between the atria and ventricles of the heart?

    <p>Coronary groove</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which intercostal space is the apex of the heart generally located?

    <p>Left 5th intercostal space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of the interventricular septum's structure contributes to its shape?

    <p>Curved towards the left ventricle and convex towards the right ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the cross-section of the right ventricle?

    <p>Semilunar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?

    <p>Tricuspid valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cusps are present in the normal mitral valve?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical size of the pulmonary valve?

    <p>3 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many papillary muscles are found in the left ventricle?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the aortic valve positioned in relation to the sternum?

    <p>Opposite the left 3rd intercostal space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ventricle has a moderator band

    <p>Right ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes the tricuspid valve from the mitral valve?

    <p>Presence of three cusps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood does the left ventricle receive?

    <p>Oxygenated blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is present in both ventricles?

    <p>Connection with atrioventricular valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Internal Features of the Heart

    • Right Atrium
      • Receives Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, and Coronary Sinus
      • Contains Crista Terminalis, a vertical ridge separating the smooth posterior wall from the rough anterior wall
      • Musculi Pectinati are present on the anterior wall
      • Fossa Ovalis and Annulus Ovalis are present
    • Left Atrium
      • Smooth wall with small musculi pectinati only in the left auricle
      • Four pulmonary veins open into the left atrium
    • Right Ventricle
      • Semilunar in cross-section
      • Divided into outflowing and inflowing parts by the Supraventricular Crest
      • Outflowing part is smooth and called the infundibulum
      • Inflowing part is rough and contains:
        • Trabeculae carneae (muscular projections)
        • Three papillary muscles (anterior, septal, posterior)
        • Moderator band, which connects the interventricular septum to the anterior papillary muscle and conveys the right branch of the AV bundle
    • Left Ventricle
      • Wall is three times thicker than the right ventricle
      • Circular in cross-section
      • Divided into outflowing and inflowing parts
      • Outflowing part is smooth and called the aortic vestibule
      • Inflowing part is rough and contains:
        • Trabeculae carneae (more numerous)
        • Two large and thick papillary muscles (anterior and posterior)

    Ventricular Comparison

    • Right Ventricle
      • Contains non-oxygenated blood
      • Thinner wall
      • Semilunar cross-section
      • Outflowing part called infundibulum
      • 3 papillary muscles
      • Moderator band present
      • Connects to right atrium via the tricuspid valve
    • Left Ventricle
      • Contains oxygenated blood
      • Thicker wall
      • Circular cross-section
      • Outflowing part called aortic vestibule
      • 2 papillary muscles
      • Moderator band absent
      • Connects to left atrium via the mitral valve

    Atrioventricular Valves

    • Include tricuspid and mitral valves
    • Connect atria to ventricles

    Semilunar Valves

    • Include aortic and pulmonary valves
    • Have three semilunar cusps attached to the vessel wall

    Valve Comparison

    • Tricuspid Valve
      • Located between right atrium and right ventricle
      • Size: 3 fingers
      • Shape: Oval
      • 3 cusps (anterior, posterior, septal)
      • Surface marking: midline of the sternum opposite the 4th intercostal space
    • Mitral Valve
      • Located between left atrium and left ventricle
      • Size: 2 fingers
      • Shape: Circular
      • 2 cusps (anterior, posterior)
      • Surface marking: behind the left half of the sternum opposite the 4th costal cartilage
    • Pulmonary Valve
      • Located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
      • Size: 3 cm
      • Shape: Oval
      • 3 cusps (anterior, right, left)
      • Surface marking: behind the left 3rd costal cartilage at its junction with the sternum
    • Aortic Valve
      • Located between left ventricle and ascending aorta
      • Size: 2.5 cm
      • Shape: Circular
      • 3 cusps (posterior, right, left)
      • Surface marking: on the left margin of the sternum opposite the left 3rd intercostal space

    Interventricular Septum

    • Separates the two ventricles
    • Curved, concave towards the left ventricle and convex towards the right ventricle
    • Composed of two parts:
      • Muscular Part: thick and muscular, forms the majority of the septum
      • Membranous Part: thin and fibrous, located at the upper posterior part of the septum

    Conducting System of the Heart

    • Initiates and transmits excitation waves
    • Composed of modified cardiac muscle fibers
    • Components:
      • Sinoatrial Node (SA Node): located at the upper part of the sulcus terminalis, acts as the pacemaker
      • Atrioventricular Node (AV Node): situated at the lower part of the interatrial septum
      • Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His): divides into right and left branches
      • Purkinje Fibers: specialized fibers that spread the impulse throughout the ventricles

    Surface Anatomy of the Heart

    • Apex of the Heart: located in the left 5th intercostal space, 9 cm from the midline
    • Coronary Groove: represented by an oblique line extending from the left 3rd costal cartilage to the right 6th costal cartilage
    • Borders of the Heart:
      • Upper Border: formed by two atria (mainly left atrium)
      • Right Border: formed by the right atrium
      • Lower Border: formed by the right and left ventricles
      • Left Border: formed mainly by the left ventricle
    • Valves of the Heart:
      • Pulmonary Valve (P): lies behind the left 3rd costal cartilage
      • Aortic Valve (A): lies behind the left margin of the sternum
      • Mitral Valve (M): lies behind the left half of the sternum
      • Tricuspid Valve (T): lies behind the midline of the sternum

    Internal Features of the Heart

    • Right Atrium:
      • Receives blood from the superior vena cava (SVC), inferior vena cava (IVC), and coronary sinus.
      • Has a smooth posterior wall and a rough anterior wall with musculi pectinati.
      • Contains the fossa ovalis, a remnant of the fetal foramen ovale.
      • The crista terminalis is a vertical ridge separating the smooth and rough walls.
      • The right atrium also has openings for anterior cardiac veins and the vena cordis minimi.
    • Left Atrium:
      • Smooth wall with small musculi pectinati in the left auricle.
      • Receives blood from four pulmonary veins.
      • Contains the opening of the vena cordis minimi.
      • Has the mitral orifice and valve, allowing blood flow into the left ventricle.
    • Right Ventricle:
      • Divided into an outflowing part (infundibulum) and an inflowing part.
      • The outflowing part is smooth and the inflowing part is rough, containing trabeculae carne, papillary muscles, and the moderator band.
      • The papillary muscles are attached to the cusps of the tricuspid valve via chordae tendineae to prevent valve prolapse.
      • The moderator band conveys the right branch of the AV bundle and helps prevent over distention.
      • The right ventricle contains the tricuspid orifice and valve and the pulmonary orifice and valve.
    • Left Ventricle:
      • Has a thicker wall than the right ventricle and a circular cross-section.
      • Divided into an outflowing part (aortic vestibule) and an inflowing part.
      • The outflowing part is smooth, while the inflowing part is rough due to trabeculae carnae and papillary muscles.
      • The left ventricle contains the mitral orifice and valve and the aortic orifice and valve.

    Comparing Right and Left Ventricles

    • Right Ventricle:
      • Contains non-oxygenated blood.
      • Has a thinner wall and a semilunar cross-section.
      • Has 3 papillary muscles and a moderator band.
      • Connects to the right atrium via the tricuspid valve.
    • Left Ventricle:
      • Contains oxygenated blood.
      • Has a thicker wall and a circular cross-section.
      • Has 2 papillary muscles and no moderator band.
      • Connects to the left atrium via the mitral valve.

    Heart Valves:

    • Atrioventricular Valves:
      • Include the tricuspid valve (right) and the mitral valve (left).
      • Allow blood flow from the atria to the ventricles.
    • Semilunar Valves:
      • Include the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve.
      • Allow blood flow from the ventricles to the pulmonary trunk and the aorta.

    Interventricular Septum:

    • Separates the right and left ventricles.
    • Composed of a muscular part and a membranous part.
    • The muscular part is thicker and forms the majority of the septum.
    • The membranous part is thinner and located at the upper posterior part of the septum.

    Conducting System of the Heart:

    • Responsible for the initiation and transmission of excitation waves throughout the heart.
    • Composed of modified cardiac muscle fibers.
    • Major components:
      • Sinoatrial Node (SA Node): Acts as the pacemaker of the heart.
      • Atrioventricular Node (AV Node): Located at the lower part of the interatrial septum.
      • Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His): Divides into right and left branches.
      • Purkinje Fibers: Specialized fibers that spread the impulse throughout the ventricles.

    Surface Anatomy of the Heart:

    • Apex of the Heart:
      • Located in the left 5th intercostal space, 9 cm from the midline.
    • Coronary Groove:
      • Represented by an oblique line extending from the left 3rd costal cartilage to the right 6th costal cartilage.
    • Borders of the Heart:
      • Upper Border: Formed by the two atria, represented by a horizontal line from point A to point B.
      • Right Border: Formed by the right atrium, represented by a line from point B to point C.
      • Lower Border: Formed by the right and left ventricles, represented by a horizontal line from point C to point D.
      • Left Border: Formed by the left ventricle, represented by a line from point D back to point A.

    Landmark Locations of Heart Valves:

    • Pulmonary Valve (P): Lies behind the left 3rd costal cartilage where it meets the sternum.
    • Aortic Valve (A): Lies behind the left margin of the sternum opposite the left 3rd intercostal space.
    • Mitral Valve (M): Lies behind the left half of the sternum opposite the left 4th costal cartilage.
    • Tricuspid Valve (T): Lies behind the midline of the sternum opposite the 4th intercostal space.

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