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Questions and Answers
The contraction, dubbed ______, is evoked by the depolarization signal.
The contraction, dubbed ______, is evoked by the depolarization signal.
systole
In the modified Lead II design, the negative and ground electrodes are placed on (or below) the right and left ______, respectively.
In the modified Lead II design, the negative and ground electrodes are placed on (or below) the right and left ______, respectively.
collarbones
The following repolarization signal leads to the relaxation of muscle cells, known as ______.
The following repolarization signal leads to the relaxation of muscle cells, known as ______.
diastole
The positive electrode is placed on the left lower part of the ______.
The positive electrode is placed on the left lower part of the ______.
The left ventricular systole pushes a volume of blood called ______ into the aorta.
The left ventricular systole pushes a volume of blood called ______ into the aorta.
Most important components of the ECG are the P wave, the QRS-complex, and the ______.
Most important components of the ECG are the P wave, the QRS-complex, and the ______.
The R-peak precedes the peak of blood pressure by approximately ______ ms.
The R-peak precedes the peak of blood pressure by approximately ______ ms.
Pulse plethysmography measurement uses near-infrared light beamed through the ______.
Pulse plethysmography measurement uses near-infrared light beamed through the ______.
Transmission plethysmography typically measures the amount of light that passes through the ______.
Transmission plethysmography typically measures the amount of light that passes through the ______.
The overall delay (delta T) in this case is approximately ______ ms.
The overall delay (delta T) in this case is approximately ______ ms.
Heart rate (HR) is typically in the - domain for healthy individuals under resting conditions.
Heart rate (HR) is typically in the - domain for healthy individuals under resting conditions.
The electrical activity of the heart is measurable using a pair of ______ placed on the surface of the skin.
The electrical activity of the heart is measurable using a pair of ______ placed on the surface of the skin.
The activity measured by the electrodes is called ______.
The activity measured by the electrodes is called ______.
The average interval between successive beats is called heart period or ______ interval.
The average interval between successive beats is called heart period or ______ interval.
Multiple measures of heart rate variability (HRV) are used to estimate the ______ influence on the heart.
Multiple measures of heart rate variability (HRV) are used to estimate the ______ influence on the heart.
Lead II refers to the placement of the positive electrode on the left ankle and the negative electrode on the ______.
Lead II refers to the placement of the positive electrode on the left ankle and the negative electrode on the ______.
The heart pumps blood through the systemic circuit to deliver ______ and nutrients.
The heart pumps blood through the systemic circuit to deliver ______ and nutrients.
The pulmonary circuit exchanges O2 and ______ between the blood and the air in the alveoli.
The pulmonary circuit exchanges O2 and ______ between the blood and the air in the alveoli.
The internal rhythm of the heart originates from the electrical signal generated by ______ cells.
The internal rhythm of the heart originates from the electrical signal generated by ______ cells.
Sympathetic activation leads to an acceleration of the heart's ______.
Sympathetic activation leads to an acceleration of the heart's ______.
Inhale leads to increased sympathetic activation, while exhale results in increased ______ impact.
Inhale leads to increased sympathetic activation, while exhale results in increased ______ impact.
The contraction of the atrial muscles is caused by the electrical signal of the ______.
The contraction of the atrial muscles is caused by the electrical signal of the ______.
The electrical signal is transmitted from the SA node to the ventricular muscle via the ______ fibres.
The electrical signal is transmitted from the SA node to the ventricular muscle via the ______ fibres.
The contraction of the ventricular muscle starts after a delay of about ______ ms following atrial contraction.
The contraction of the ventricular muscle starts after a delay of about ______ ms following atrial contraction.
Periodic changes of heart rate during deep inhalations and exhalations are known as ______.
Periodic changes of heart rate during deep inhalations and exhalations are known as ______.
The sympathetic component can be estimated from the ______ period.
The sympathetic component can be estimated from the ______ period.
To calculate heart rate variability (HRV), the use of ______ is recommended.
To calculate heart rate variability (HRV), the use of ______ is recommended.
Following physical exercise, heart rate ______ gradually decreases to the resting value.
Following physical exercise, heart rate ______ gradually decreases to the resting value.
Psychological factors can influence HR by ______ or decreasing it.
Psychological factors can influence HR by ______ or decreasing it.
Vagal HRV is associated with various stress-related ______ and conditions.
Vagal HRV is associated with various stress-related ______ and conditions.
Attentional capacity and cognitive control are positively associated with ______ HRV.
Attentional capacity and cognitive control are positively associated with ______ HRV.
The perception of heartbeats is referred to as ______ accuracy.
The perception of heartbeats is referred to as ______ accuracy.
Flashcards
Heart's Primary Function
Heart's Primary Function
The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues, remove carbon dioxide, and transport waste products.
Systemic Circuit
Systemic Circuit
The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body's tissues and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Pulmonary Circuit
Pulmonary Circuit
The pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and returns oxygenated blood to the heart.
Heart Contractions
Heart Contractions
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Heart Valves
Heart Valves
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Sinoatrial (SA) Node
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
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Nervous System Influence on Heart Rate
Nervous System Influence on Heart Rate
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Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA)
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA)
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Systole
Systole
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Diastole
Diastole
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Stroke Volume
Stroke Volume
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Pulse Plethysmography
Pulse Plethysmography
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Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
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Lead II
Lead II
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Continuous Heart Rate Monitoring (CHRM)
Continuous Heart Rate Monitoring (CHRM)
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Transmission Plethysmography
Transmission Plethysmography
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Pre-ejection Period (PeP)
Pre-ejection Period (PeP)
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Sympathetic Influence on Heart Rate
Sympathetic Influence on Heart Rate
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Heart Rate Variability (HRV)
Heart Rate Variability (HRV)
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Vagal Component of HRV
Vagal Component of HRV
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Cardioceptive Accuracy
Cardioceptive Accuracy
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Heart Rate During Exercise
Heart Rate During Exercise
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Heart Rate Recovery
Heart Rate Recovery
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Modified Lead II ECG placement
Modified Lead II ECG placement
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P wave
P wave
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QRS complex
QRS complex
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T wave
T wave
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Electro-mechanical delay (EMD)
Electro-mechanical delay (EMD)
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Heart Rate (HR)
Heart Rate (HR)
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Heart Period (HP) or Interbeat Interval (IBI)
Heart Period (HP) or Interbeat Interval (IBI)
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Study Notes
Heart Activity and Electrocardiography (ECG)
- The heart's primary function is to pump blood, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste products. This involves a systemic circuit and a pulmonary circuit for oxygen exchange.
- Heart contractions are rhythmic and directed by valves in the heart and blood vessels.
- The heart's intrinsic rhythm originates in the sinoatrial (SA) node, a pacemaker.
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activity regulates heart rate and contractile force.
- Inhalation increases sympathetic activity, speeding up the heart rate, while exhalation increases parasympathetic activity and slows it down. This is called respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA).
- Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood can also affect heart activity.
ECG Signal Generation
- The ECG signal reflects the heart's electrical activity.
- Electrical signals originate in the SA node and spread through the heart.
- The atrial muscles contract in response to the SA node's electrical signals, the signal then moves through the atrioventricular node, bundle of His, and bundle branches, which depolarize the ventricles.
- The ECG measures the electrical activity as it goes through the heart, capturing the P wave (atrial depolarization), QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), and T wave (ventricular repolarization).
Pulse Plethysmography
- Near-infrared light is used to measure blood flow in capillaries using pulse plethysmography.
- Changes in blood volume in the capillaries are reflected in the amount of light transmitted.
- Portable devices (smart watches, bracelets) use this technique.
- Plethysmography provides continuous HR recording during daily activities.
Electrocardiogram (ECG) Measurement
- An ECG measures electrical activity, usually using 12 lead systems for diagnostic purposes.
- Electrodes placed on the skin pick up the electrical signals from the heart.
- Lead II is a common placement for electrodes on the body.
Heart Rate Variability (HRV)
- HRV assesses variations in heart rate between successive beats.
- HRV can reflect the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
- Measures like HF and RMSSD are sometimes used to evaluate impact of parasympathetic activity.
- HRV, the differences in the time intervals between the beats, can be recorded with appropriate sampling frequency to measure the heart rate.
Relationship between ECG and HR
- Heart rate (HR) is a measure of heart contractions per minute.
- HR is commonly measured with ECG.
- Other measures, like pre-ejection period (PeP,) which relates to the delay between heart beat and ejection of blood, allow for estimation of the sympathetic impact.
- An appropriate sampling rate is required to accurately calculate and analyze HRV. 30 Hz is sufficient for heart rate; higher sampling rates are preferred for HRV (300 Hz or higher).
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