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Questions and Answers
What does the P-wave in an ECG represent?
What does the P-wave in an ECG represent?
The T-wave indicates the depolarisation of the ventricles.
The T-wave indicates the depolarisation of the ventricles.
False (B)
What does the QRS complex signify in a standard ECG?
What does the QRS complex signify in a standard ECG?
Ventricular depolarisation
The _____ carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
The _____ carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
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Which layer is comparatively thinner in veins compared to arteries?
Which layer is comparatively thinner in veins compared to arteries?
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Match the parts of the heart's electrical activity with their corresponding features:
Match the parts of the heart's electrical activity with their corresponding features:
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What determines the heart rate of an individual using an ECG?
What determines the heart rate of an individual using an ECG?
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Differences in the shape of ECGs among individuals indicate normal function.
Differences in the shape of ECGs among individuals indicate normal function.
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What is the primary function of the sino-atrial node (SAN)?
What is the primary function of the sino-atrial node (SAN)?
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What percentage does the flow of blood into the ventricles increase by?
What percentage does the flow of blood into the ventricles increase by?
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The walls of the ventricles are thinner than those of the atria.
The walls of the ventricles are thinner than those of the atria.
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How many beats per minute does a normal human heart beat on average?
How many beats per minute does a normal human heart beat on average?
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The ventricles contract during diastole.
The ventricles contract during diastole.
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The _______ fibres are responsible for conducting the action potential throughout the ventricular musculature.
The _______ fibres are responsible for conducting the action potential throughout the ventricular musculature.
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What prevents the backflow of blood into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation?
What prevents the backflow of blood into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation?
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The phase when the atria relax and the ventricles contract is called __________.
The phase when the atria relax and the ventricles contract is called __________.
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Which valve prevents the backward flow of blood from the ventricles to the atria?
Which valve prevents the backward flow of blood from the ventricles to the atria?
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Match the following heart chambers with their functions:
Match the following heart chambers with their functions:
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The atrial systole occurs when the SAN generates an action potential.
The atrial systole occurs when the SAN generates an action potential.
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What is the role of the atrio-ventricular node (AVN) in the heart?
What is the role of the atrio-ventricular node (AVN) in the heart?
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What initiates the action potential that starts the cardiac cycle?
What initiates the action potential that starts the cardiac cycle?
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Match the following components of the heart with their functions:
Match the following components of the heart with their functions:
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The heart beats approximately 72 times every hour.
The heart beats approximately 72 times every hour.
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What is the term for the cyclic sequence of events during a heartbeat?
What is the term for the cyclic sequence of events during a heartbeat?
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What type of blood can be donated to persons with any other blood group?
What type of blood can be donated to persons with any other blood group?
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Individuals with AB blood group can accept blood only from AB donors.
Individuals with AB blood group can accept blood only from AB donors.
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What are the two surface antigens that determine the ABO blood group?
What are the two surface antigens that determine the ABO blood group?
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Group 'AB' blood contains ___ antibodies in its plasma.
Group 'AB' blood contains ___ antibodies in its plasma.
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Which blood group has anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma?
Which blood group has anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma?
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A person with blood type O can receive blood from group A.
A person with blood type O can receive blood from group A.
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What is the term for the destruction of RBC caused by incompatible blood transfusion?
What is the term for the destruction of RBC caused by incompatible blood transfusion?
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Match the blood groups with their corresponding characteristics:
Match the blood groups with their corresponding characteristics:
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What is the primary role of fibrins in blood coagulation?
What is the primary role of fibrins in blood coagulation?
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Prothrombin is the active form that converts fibrinogen into fibrins.
Prothrombin is the active form that converts fibrinogen into fibrins.
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What fluid is collected by the lymphatic system from the spaces between tissue cells?
What fluid is collected by the lymphatic system from the spaces between tissue cells?
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Calcium ions play a very important role in _____ process.
Calcium ions play a very important role in _____ process.
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Which enzyme is essential for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin?
Which enzyme is essential for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin?
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The interstitial fluid is composed mainly of large proteins and formed elements of blood.
The interstitial fluid is composed mainly of large proteins and formed elements of blood.
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What type of mechanism prevents excessive blood loss from the body?
What type of mechanism prevents excessive blood loss from the body?
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Match the following components with their roles in the coagulation process:
Match the following components with their roles in the coagulation process:
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Study Notes
ECG and Cardiac Function
- ECG measures the heart's electrical activity through multiple chest leads.
- P-wave signifies atrial depolarization, leading to atrial contraction.
- QRS complex indicates ventricular depolarization, initiating ventricular contraction and marked by the start of systole.
- T-wave reflects ventricular repolarization, concluding systole.
- Counting QRS complexes aids in determining heart rate.
- Variations in ECG shape suggest possible heart abnormalities, making ECG clinically significant.
Double Circulation and Blood Vessels
- Blood circulates via arteries and veins, each comprising three layers: tunica intima (endothelium), tunica media (smooth muscle and elastic fibers), and tunica externa (fibrous connective tissue).
- Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary artery; the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta.
- Blood returns oxygenated from the lungs via pulmonary veins to the left atrium, forming pulmonary circulation.
- Valves prevent backflow, ensuring unidirectional blood flow.
Cardiac Muscle Structure
- The heart is composed entirely of cardiac muscles, with thicker ventricular walls than atrial walls.
- Nodal tissue regulates heart muscle contractions, including the sino-atrial node (SAN) as the primary pacemaker, generating 70-75 action potentials per minute.
- The atrio-ventricular node (AVN) and AV bundle distribute action potentials throughout the ventricles via Purkinje fibers.
Cardiac Cycle
- The cardiac cycle begins with all chambers relaxed (joint diastole).
- Blood flows from atria to ventricles as tricuspid and bicuspid valves open.
- SAN action potential triggers atrial contraction (atrial systole), increasing ventricular blood volume.
- Action potential travels through the AVN and AV bundle, causing ventricular contraction (ventricular systole) after which both the atria and ventricles relax.
- Cardiac cycles occur approximately 72 times per minute.
Blood Groups and Transfusions
- Blood types are classified primarily into ABO and Rh systems based on surface antigens A and B and corresponding antibodies in plasma.
- Group A: A antigens, anti-B antibodies; compatible with A and O.
- Group B: B antigens, anti-A antibodies; compatible with B and O.
- Group AB: A and B antigens, no antibodies; universal recipient.
- Group O: No antigens, anti-A and anti-B antibodies; universal donor.
Blood Clotting Mechanism
- Blood clotting, or coagulation, forms a scab and involves fibrin threads trapping dead cells.
- Fibrinogen converts to fibrin through thrombin action, triggered by prothrombin in a cascade involving various plasma factors.
- Platelet release during injury activates coagulation; tissue factors can also initiate the process.
- Calcium ions are crucial for the clotting mechanism.
Lymphatic System
- Interstitial fluid, a result of blood capillary exchange, contains minerals similar to plasma.
- The lymphatic system collects interstitial fluid (lymph), returning it to major veins, aiding in nutrient and gas exchange between blood and cells.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the standard ECG and its components, including the significance of the P-wave and QRS complex in heart function. Understanding these aspects is crucial for evaluating cardiac electrical activity. Test your knowledge on the different aspects of ECG readings and their interpretations.
