Healthcare Systems in Canada

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Questions and Answers

What is a key barrier to the provision of primary health care in Canada?

Limited access to healthcare resources (correct)

Increased healthcare funding

High investment in technology

Oversupply of healthcare professionals

Which of the following accurately represents one of the five levels of health care in Canada?

Global health strategies

Emergency medical transport

Community health services (correct)

Pharmaceutical regulations

What conceptualization does integrative medicine focus on?

Exclusively traditional medical practices

Solely pharmaceutical interventions

A combination of conventional and alternative treatments (correct)

Strictly alternative therapies

Which issue is contributing to the increasing pressures on the Canadian healthcare system?

A growing aging population Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the principles associated with primary health care in Canada?

Patient-centered care Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a clinical application of meditation?

Improving breathing patterns in patients with asthma Signup and view all the answers

Imagery techniques are used for which purpose?

To control or relieve pain or stress Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is categorized under integrative medicine and requires professional education?

Biofeedback Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of nursing in the context of interprofessional collaboration with complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)?

Determining patient’s viewpoints and use of therapies Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as an integrative medicine approach?

Antibiotic therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary feature of Canada's Medicare system?

It is funded by general taxation. Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of the Canada Health Act focuses on ensuring that health services are available to all residents without discrimination?

Universality Signup and view all the answers

How do provincial and territorial governments function within the Canadian healthcare system?

They manage, finance, and plan health care services. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key roles of the federal government in the Canadian health care system?

Setting and administering national health principles. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the principle of Accessibility in the Canada Health Act?

Access to health services must be reasonable regardless of ability to pay. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of provincial and territorial governments in health care?

Overseeing the self-regulation of health professions. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of Portability in the Canada Health Act ensure?

Coverage remains valid when individuals relocate within Canada. Signup and view all the answers

What funding method primarily supports Canada's Medicare?

General taxation. Signup and view all the answers

Which category of integrative health care includes acupuncture and herbal remedies?

Natural products Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of holistic nursing?

Viewing health as a complex interplay of factors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a nursing-accessible approach?

Surgery Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic technique is designed to lower physiological stress responses?

Relaxation therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which integrative health approach emphasizes the interconnectedness of body, mind, and spirit?

Mind–body–spirit interventions Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Canadian Holistic Nurses Association play in holistic nursing?

Develops standards for holistic nursing practices Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an energy therapy?

Reiki Signup and view all the answers

Which type of intervention would be classified as a mind–body–spirit intervention?

Meditation and breathing techniques Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal for nursing's future in the emerging health care system?

Evolving and diversifying nursing roles Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of integrative health care?

Exclusively using conventional medicine Signup and view all the answers

How do complementary approaches fit into the health care system?

They align with and enhance conventional medical treatments. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of nursing's role in health policy development?

Engaging in health policy reformulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about aging and health care is true?

The increase in elderly demographics increases health care challenges. Signup and view all the answers

What role does 'relational-centred care' play in integrative health?

It underscores the importance of relationships in patient care. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of alternative approaches in health care?

Replacing conventional medical treatment entirely Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary challenges that nursing roles are evolving to address?

Addressing diverse health care needs of Canadians Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary emphasis of primary health care?

Health promotion and disease prevention Signup and view all the answers

Which level of health care includes immunization as a prevention strategy?

Level 2: Disease and injury prevention Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT included in the community sector for health care delivery?

Psychiatric facilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of level 4: Rehabilitation in health care?

To improve health and quality of life post-illness or injury Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a barrier at the interprofessional primary care team level?

Lack of communication among team members Signup and view all the answers

Which report aimed to provide recommendations for improving Canada's health care system?

Kirby Report Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'recentralization' refer to in the context of Canada's health care system?

Reducing the number of regional health authorities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Canada Health Act?

A law regulating public funding for health services Signup and view all the answers

Which organization primarily handles the codes of ethics and standards for healthcare members in Canada?

Government regulatory bodies Signup and view all the answers

Which level of care is focused on health promotion and wellness services?

Level 1: Health promotion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of primary care within the primary health care model?

Personal health services Signup and view all the answers

Which of these strategies is part of Level 2: Disease and injury prevention?

Immunization programs Signup and view all the answers

What does supportive care primarily focus on?

Managing chronic or progressive illnesses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a component of the Four Pillars of Primary Health Care?

Access Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Canadian Healthcare System

Medicare is a key part of Canada's social safety net, providing hospital and medical insurance.
It's funded by general taxation.
The Canada Health Act (1984) dictates principles for the system: public administration, comprehensiveness, universality, portability, and accessibility.
Public administration means the system operates on a non-profit basis through public authority.
Comprehensiveness means covering medically necessary services.
Universality means free of discrimination and coverage across Canada for insured residents.
Portability ensures coverage for insured residents moving across the country.
Accessibility means reasonable access regardless of financial ability.
The federal government sets and administers national principles (Canada Health Act principles), assists in financing health care services through transfer payments to provinces and territories, delivers services for specific groups (Indigenous, veterans, federal inmates, RCMP), and provides national policy and programming to promote health and prevent disease.
Provincial and territorial governments develop and administer their own healthcare insurance plans, manage, finance, and plan insurable health care services, determine organization and location of healthcare facilities, employ providers and allocate funding to services. They also reimburse physician and hospital costs, as well as some rehabilitation and long-term care services based on co-payments.
Health professions are mostly self-regulated, managing standards, competencies, codes of ethics, and disciplinary actions for their members. Some are regulated by governments or other regulatory bodies.

Trends and Reforms

Kirby Report (2002) and Romanow Commission (2002) influenced reform discussions.
Regionalization, encompassing regional health authorities, has seen reduced numbers in many provinces and territories.
Recentralization trends are also evident.
Emerging medical technologies and a 10-Year Plan to Strengthen Health Care are impacting healthcare delivery.
Canada Health Act payments and Canada Health Transfer payments are key financing elements.

Primary Health Care

Primary health care is fundamental to Canada's healthcare system.
It provides continuity of care and improves health through essential services, promoting health and preventing disease.
It's a model focused on the health experience of a person, community, and population.
This model contains multiple components, such as primary care, chronic disease management, long-term care, health promotion, disease prevention, and public health.

Primary Health Care Levels

Five levels of health care exist (1) health promotion, (2) disease and injury prevention, (3) diagnosis and treatment, (4) rehabilitation, and (5) supportive care.
Level 1: Health promotion involves enabling individuals to control and improve their health, alongside wellness services provision and health education.
Level 2: Disease and injury prevention entails reducing risks for illnesses and injury, including strategies, clinical procedures such as immunizing individuals, and environmental factors, such as climate control activism.
Level 3: Diagnosis and treatment involves recognizing and managing health problems. Primary, secondary, and tertiary care comprise the three levels of care, in which individuals encounter healthcare services.
Level 4: Rehabilitation focuses on enhancing the quality of life for people experiencing life-altering health conditions with therapy services (physiotherapy, occupational therapy, respiratory therapy), and social services.
Level 5: Supportive care involves providing health, personal, and social services to patients experiencing chronic illness, progressive illness, or disability over time. Includes long-term care, assisted living, adult day care, home care, palliative care, and respite care.

Challenges to the Healthcare System

Current challenges include sustainability, political economy of health, climate change, primary healthcare spending versus care, responsive healthcare planning/delivery, human healthcare resources, aging Canadian population, and Truth and Reconciliation Commission Calls to Action.

Nursing's Future

Nursing roles need to evolve and diversify in the emerging healthcare system, serving as leaders to initiate change, leveraging unique understanding of Canadian health needs, developing innovative solutions, expanding and forging new roles, and engaging in health policy development and reformation.

Integrative Care

Integrative care combines conventional treatments with complementary and alternative therapies (CAM).
It's an approach that promotes a holistic view of a person's health (physical, emotional, spiritual).
Integrative care encompasses various categories and examples, such as natural products, and mind-body-spirit interventions, manipulative and body-based methods, and energy therapies, among others.

Nursing Approaches and Role

Nurses use various accessible approaches, such as presence, imagery, meditation, and support groups, adaptable to different people. Techniques include yoga, massage, relaxation therapy.
Integrative approaches and education are helpful for nurses, requiring specific education. Key educational areas include Biofeedback, Therapeutic Touch, Chiropractic, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naturopathic Medicine, Acupuncture, Cupping, and Massage Therapy.

Nursing Role in Interprofessional Collaboration

The integrative medicine approach aligns well with the holistic nursing perspective, and is consistent with existing provincial and territorial legislation regarding complementary therapies. Collaboration involves patient advice/education, viewpoint/therapy identification, and ongoing support.

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Description

This quiz explores various aspects of primary health care and integrative medicine in Canada, examining barriers, principles, and clinical applications. Test your knowledge on the structure and challenges of the Canadian healthcare system and the role of nursing in collaboration with alternative medicine practices.