NUR 410 - Knowledge Check Questions

Week 5: Healthcare Governance in Canada

• The federal government supports healthcare delivery among First Nations people living on reserves, Inuit, Canadian Armed Forces members, eligible veterans, and certain refugee and inmate groups.
• The federal government provides financial support for provincial and territorial healthcare services.
• The federal government sets and administers healthcare standards via the Canada Health Act.
• The federal government oversees health protection, regulation, consumer safety, and disease prevention.
• Provincial and territorial governments administer and deliver most of Canada's healthcare services.
• They manage their health insurance plans.
• Responsibilities include planning and funding hospitals and other health facilities.
• Provinces/territories plan and implement health promotion and public health initiatives.
• They also negotiate fee schedules with health professionals.
• The federal government is responsible for health protection, regulation, consumer safety, disease surveillance, and prevention.
• First Nations can establish agreements with public health units for public health service delivery.
• Provinces can charge health premiums to residents to fund healthcare, but access to medically necessary services cannot be limited by non-payment.
• Health care is delegated to the Provinces and Territories via the Canada Health Transfer.

The Provincial Ministry of Health

• The provincial Ministry of Health is responsible for administering the healthcare system and providing services.
• It regulates hospitals, operates psychiatric hospitals and medical laboratories, and coordinates emergency health services.
• The Ontario Ministry of Health administers the healthcare system, offering health insurance, drug benefits, assistive devices, mental health care, long-term care, home care, community and public health, health promotion, and disease prevention.
• It also regulates hospitals, operates psychiatric hospitals and medical laboratories and coordinates emergency health services.
• The federal government provides funding to provinces/territories through the Canada Health Transfer.
• The Canada Health Transfer was formerly known as the Canada Health and Social Transfer.
• It changed in 2004 under the Accord on Health Care Renewal.

Medicare in Canada

• Medicare is a publicly funded healthcare system of provincial and territorial health insurance plans.
• It provides universal coverage for medically necessary hospital and physician services.

Municipalities' Role in Ontario Healthcare

• Municipalities co-fund/deliver provincial health programs such as public health, long-term care, and paramedic services.
• They contribute capital funding for hospitals.
• Municipalities support accessibility in communities.
• They deliver programs promoting equity/healthy living through social services, housing, and recreation.
• Municipalities represent local health interests to organizations and governments.

Week 7: Policy Development

• Agenda setting is the first step in the Stages Model.
• The primary goal of problem framing/structuring is to raise public awareness and gather evidence.
• A key challenge in the implementation phase of policy development is managing change and overcoming multi-level barriers.
• Engaging those with opposite views during the formulation stage helps understand the issue's scope and potentially gain support.
• A risk of nurses not participating in policy advocacy is decisions being made without their input.
• AI can enhance policy development by simplifying the collection and analysis of complex health system information.

Week 9: Ethical Principles in Nursing

• In a scenario where a mother uses traditional herbal remedies on her infant with diarrhea, the nurse should conduct a detailed assessment, complete the health history of traditional medicine use, and provide up-to-date information about all treatment options.
• Utilitarianism theory is based on the principle of utility, focusing on the interests of many over few.
• Virtue ethics emphasizes personal characteristics such as compassion, courage, and honesty in ethical decisions.
• Beneficence is doing good and acting in the patient's best interests.
• "Value" in nursing ethics is a strong personal belief and an ideal that a person or group believes to have merit.
• Ethics is the study of philosophical ideals of right and wrong behavior based on what one thinks one ought (or ought not) to do.
• Utilitarianism focuses on the greatest good for the greatest number.
• Distress is an ethical tension when the correct action is clear, but organizational factors constrain actions.
• Dilemma is when you have an ethical responsibility to report concerns about patient safety, however, there may be serious consequences for a colleague.
• Non-maleficence, which is avoiding harm or actions that may lead to harm, is the ethical principle Taylor is primarily concerned with.

Week 10: Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID)

• To be eligible for MAID, a patient must be capable of making healthcare decisions and providing informed consent.
• In Ontario, nurses can provide information and support to patients considering MAID.
• Physicians and Nurse Practitioners are authorized to provide MAID in Canada.
• A mandatory requirement for MAID in Ontario is the patient must have two approved assessment opinions.
• The ethical principle that might conflict with autonomy in MAID is beneficence, which means the quality of doing good. For example, if a patient wants Medically Assisted Death when they are depressed. Though the patient has the autonomy to make this decision, Medically Assisted death goes against the principle of beneficence.
• Under Track 2 in Ontario, a patient must have a reasonably foreseeable natural death to be eligible for MAID.
• Under track 2 in Ontario, the 90-day assessment period begins on the date of the first assessment for MAID.
• Mark Holland is the new Federal Health Minister.

Week 11: Improving Patient Care

• Positive deviance is identifying and replicating behaviors that deviate from the norm but lead to positive outcomes.
• The key benefit of using a positive deviance approach is enhanced innovation and problem-solving.
• Greater inequality in access to healthcare services is one potential consequence of neoliberal policies in healthcare.
• The financial incentives are not an element of whistleblowing.