Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to strict egalitarianism, what is the primary focus in distributing resources?
According to strict egalitarianism, what is the primary focus in distributing resources?
- Prioritizing those who are most deserving based on their actions.
- Ensuring that everyone has equal access to the same level of goods or services. (correct)
- Maximizing the overall utility or welfare of society.
- Meeting a sufficiency threshold, ensuring everyone has enough.
Which of the following best describes the 'formal principle of justice'?
Which of the following best describes the 'formal principle of justice'?
- Prioritizing individuals based on their social status and influence.
- Treating everyone the same, regardless of their differences.
- Treating similar cases similarly, focusing on normatively relevant criteria. (correct)
- Allocating resources based on who needs them the most, irrespective of other factors.
In the context of organ transplantation, what ethical dilemma arises when applying a strictly egalitarian approach, and there is only one organ available for three potential recipients with no other distinguishing factors?
In the context of organ transplantation, what ethical dilemma arises when applying a strictly egalitarian approach, and there is only one organ available for three potential recipients with no other distinguishing factors?
- Giving the organ to all three recipients by dividing it into smaller, non-functional portions.
- Distributing the organ randomly to ensure fairness, even if it means a lower chance of success.
- Prioritizing the recipient with the longest waiting time to compensate for their prolonged suffering.
- Refusing to give the transplant to any of the recipients to treat them equally by not favoring anyone. (correct)
Which factor aligns with a utilitarian approach when deciding who receives a scarce medical resource?
Which factor aligns with a utilitarian approach when deciding who receives a scarce medical resource?
In the context of allocating a limited number of ventilators during a pandemic, which principle conflicts most directly with strict egalitarianism?
In the context of allocating a limited number of ventilators during a pandemic, which principle conflicts most directly with strict egalitarianism?
How does the 'needs-based' approach prioritize the distribution of a scarce resource?
How does the 'needs-based' approach prioritize the distribution of a scarce resource?
In what way does the 'formal principle of justice' relate to the concept of 'equity'?
In what way does the 'formal principle of justice' relate to the concept of 'equity'?
Which of the following exemplifies the application of 'prioritarianism' in healthcare resource allocation?
Which of the following exemplifies the application of 'prioritarianism' in healthcare resource allocation?
Under a desert-based principle, what serves as the primary justification for allocating resources differentially?
Under a desert-based principle, what serves as the primary justification for allocating resources differentially?
When considering organ transplantation, which of the following criteria would be LEAST justifiable under a strict utilitarian framework?
When considering organ transplantation, which of the following criteria would be LEAST justifiable under a strict utilitarian framework?
What is the central tenet of sufficientarianism in the context of distributive justice?
What is the central tenet of sufficientarianism in the context of distributive justice?
A hospital administrator decides to allocate more resources to preventative care programs in underserved communities, arguing that it will reduce overall healthcare costs in the long run and improve public health. Which principle of distributive justice is most closely aligned with this decision?
A hospital administrator decides to allocate more resources to preventative care programs in underserved communities, arguing that it will reduce overall healthcare costs in the long run and improve public health. Which principle of distributive justice is most closely aligned with this decision?
What is a key challenge in applying the desert-based principle in resource allocation?
What is a key challenge in applying the desert-based principle in resource allocation?
In a scenario where a hospital has a limited supply of a life-saving drug, which approach best reflects the principle of 'sufficientarianism'?
In a scenario where a hospital has a limited supply of a life-saving drug, which approach best reflects the principle of 'sufficientarianism'?
How does sufficientarianism differ from strict egalitarianism in addressing distributive justice?
How does sufficientarianism differ from strict egalitarianism in addressing distributive justice?
What is the key distinction between 'formal equality' and the broader 'formal principle of justice'?
What is the key distinction between 'formal equality' and the broader 'formal principle of justice'?
Which of the following best describes the primary objective of using criteria such as blood group compatibility and tissue type matching in deceased donor kidney allocation?
Which of the following best describes the primary objective of using criteria such as blood group compatibility and tissue type matching in deceased donor kidney allocation?
Kidney allocation policies aim to balance waiting time, urgency, and utility. What fundamental challenge arises from trying to balance these considerations?
Kidney allocation policies aim to balance waiting time, urgency, and utility. What fundamental challenge arises from trying to balance these considerations?
While waiting time is a significant factor in kidney allocation, what is a potential ethical concern if it becomes the sole determinant for organ distribution?
While waiting time is a significant factor in kidney allocation, what is a potential ethical concern if it becomes the sole determinant for organ distribution?
Prioritizing patients based on 'urgency' in kidney allocation is primarily justified by which ethical principle?
Prioritizing patients based on 'urgency' in kidney allocation is primarily justified by which ethical principle?
In the context of kidney allocation policies, 'utility' or 'transplant outcomes' primarily refers to:
In the context of kidney allocation policies, 'utility' or 'transplant outcomes' primarily refers to:
How might directed altruistic living organ donation, particularly when advertised on social media, potentially increase inequality in the organ transplantation system?
How might directed altruistic living organ donation, particularly when advertised on social media, potentially increase inequality in the organ transplantation system?
Concerns about 'coercion' and 'exploitation' in organ donation primarily challenge which ethical principle?
Concerns about 'coercion' and 'exploitation' in organ donation primarily challenge which ethical principle?
When demand for organs significantly exceeds supply, and prioritization criteria must be implemented, what role does 'procedural fairness' or 'procedural justice' play in ensuring an ethical allocation system?
When demand for organs significantly exceeds supply, and prioritization criteria must be implemented, what role does 'procedural fairness' or 'procedural justice' play in ensuring an ethical allocation system?
Flashcards
Formal Principle of Justice
Formal Principle of Justice
The principle stating that equals should be treated equally in morally relevant respects.
Formal Equality
Formal Equality
Treating like cases alike based on relevant criteria.
Normative Relevance
Normative Relevance
Criteria that determine how cases are treated with moral significance.
Principles of Distributive Justice
Principles of Distributive Justice
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Strict Egalitarianism
Strict Egalitarianism
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Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism
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Prioritarianism
Prioritarianism
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Sufficientarianism
Sufficientarianism
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Desert-based principle
Desert-based principle
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Distributive justice
Distributive justice
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Prioritization in healthcare
Prioritization in healthcare
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Worse-off individuals
Worse-off individuals
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Ethical considerations in organ transplantation
Ethical considerations in organ transplantation
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Kidney Transplant Allocation Criteria
Kidney Transplant Allocation Criteria
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Waiting Time
Waiting Time
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Urgency in Transplants
Urgency in Transplants
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Utility in Transplants
Utility in Transplants
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Directed Altruistic Living Donation
Directed Altruistic Living Donation
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Inequality in Organ Donation
Inequality in Organ Donation
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Procedural Fairness
Procedural Fairness
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Compatibility Matching
Compatibility Matching
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Study Notes
Inequalities and Ethics in Healthcare Delivery
- Dr Ying-Qi Liaw, Teaching Fellow (Values, Law & Ethics)
- Presentation covers inequalities and ethical considerations in healthcare service delivery, specifically focusing on organ transplantation.
Session Outline
- Part 1: Defining the 'formal principle of justice'
- Part 2: Analyzing inequalities within healthcare systems, like organ transplantation
- Part 3: Exploring principles of distributive justice
- Part 4: Applying the principles to healthcare settings
Learning Outcomes
- Demonstrate comprehension of the formal justice principle and recognize relevant differences.
- Describe inequalities in organ transplantation and evaluate their justifiability.
- Understand distributive justice concepts and apply them to organ allocation.
Allocation of Limited Resources
- Examples include children fighting over chocolates and participants competing for a basketball team spot.
- The presentations emphasize the need for fair allocation of limited resources.
Key Terms
- Formal equality: Treating similar cases alike
- Normative relevance: Criteria determining what's morally relevant
- Formal principle of justice (equity): Treating equals equally and unequals unequally according to their relevant differences.
Formal Equality
- Treating 'like cases alike' - people with equal status in a certain area must be treated equally regarding that status.
- What criteria are relevant for treating cases as alike? This is a key question.
Morally Relevant Criteria
- Example 1 (chocolates): Child 1 picked up the chocolates first. Child 2's name is Jordan. Child 3 owns the chocolates.
- Example 2 (basketball): P1 showed up earliest. P2's name is Jordan. P3 is the youngest. P4 showed the best skills.
Formal Principle of Justice ('Equity')
- A broader principle that refines formal equality by also considering relevant differences
- Individuals who are equal should be treated equally, and those who are unequal should be treated unequally, in proportion to their relevant differences in need.
Equality vs. Equity
- Equality: Treating everyone the same, regardless of need
- Equity: Addressing the needs and barriers of individuals for fair outcomes.
Application to Healthcare Delivery
- How can limited healthcare services be fairly allocated?
Principle of Distributive Justice
- More specific principles:
- Strict egalitarianism
- Utilitarianism
- Prioritarianism
- Sufficientarianism
- Desert-based principle
Strict Egalitarianism
- Intrinsically valuable that people have equal access to goods/services.
- Focus is on equality, not efficiency.
Utilitarianism
- Maximizes utility/welfare; prioritizing those who will benefit most
- Example considerations for resource allocation in healthcare are which patients are most likely to survive/benefit from the resource allocation
Prioritarianism
- Good if allocation benefits the worse-off
- Relevant factors include length of waiting time and medical urgency.
Desert-Based Principle
- Merit-based, people deserve certain resources based on their actions
- Factors like contribution, social worth, character, or compensation may be considered.
Sufficientarianism
- Ensures everyone has enough resources.
- Determines the sufficiency threshold, and addresses what to do if this threshold is met
Kidney Transplantation: Deceased Donor Allocation Policy
- Policy uses allocation criteria including blood group, tissue type, age, waiting list length, dialysis status, distance from the donor's hospital, and difficulty in obtaining another organ.
Actual Allocation Policy Considerations
- Waiting time
- Urgency/saving lives
- Transplant outcomes
Inequality Considerations
- Prioritizing patients could create additional inequalities.
- Directed altruistic organ donation (advertised on social media) could worsen inequalities in the organ transplantation system.
Broader Inequalities
- Illegal organ trade
- Vulnerabilities, coercion, exploitation, and harm within the murky organ trade market
Procedural Fairness
- The role and necessity of procedural fairness when resources are limited and demand exceeds supply.
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Description
Explore ethical considerations in healthcare delivery, focusing on fairness and equity. The material defines the formal principle of justice and analyzes inequalities in organ transplantation. It also covers principles of distributive justice and their application to healthcare resource allocation.
