Microbioloy Midterm 2

HAIs are infections acquired while receiving treatment in a healthcare facility; they are significant because they affect 1 in 25 hospital patients and can lead to severe health complications or death.

A compromised host is an individual with impaired resistance to infection due to disease, therapy, or burns, making them more susceptible to HAIs.

The three primary risk factors are microorganisms in the hospital environment, the weakened status of the host, and the chain of transmission within the hospital.

<p>HAIs typically arise from a combination of the three risk factors; usually, one risk factor alone is not sufficient to cause the infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the U.S., approximately 2 million patients are infected by HAIs each year, resulting in about 20,000 deaths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They fix CO2 into organic matter using energy from sunlight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They use organic matter for energy, releasing CO2 during respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It unbalances the carbon cycle and contributes to global warming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decomposers oxidize organic compounds from dead plants and animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It converts nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3), making nitrogen usable by plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the release of ammonia by bacteria and fungi from decomposed organic matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They decompose organic matter and convert it into forms like ammonia and ammonium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>N2 must be fixed into organic compounds by specialized microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aseptic packages are made of materials like paper and plastic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metal containers are sterilized with super-heated steam or high-energy electron beams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionizing radiation is measured in Grays.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A low dose of ionizing radiation typically used to sterilize spices is 10 kGy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dose needed is between 0.5 to 10 kGy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microwave radiation sterilizes by causing water molecules to oscillate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prions are not affected by ionizing radiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The radiation dose needed to kill bacterial endospores is between 10 to 50 kGy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Handwashing is the most important method for preventing nosocomial infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A compromised host is an individual with a weakened immune system, making them more susceptible to infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nosocomial infections are primarily transmitted through direct contact with contaminated surfaces or healthcare workers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic recombination is one factor contributing to emerging infectious diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An infection control committee audits hospital practices to reduce the rate of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The W strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an example of an antibiotic-resistant strain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reemergence of old diseases can be attributed to factors like loss of immunity in a population or changes in the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emerging infectious diseases are those that are new, increasing in incidence, or have the potential to increase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fecal coliform specifically indicates contamination from fecal matter, which poses a higher health risk than other types of coliform bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flocculants like alum bind with colloidal impurities to form larger aggregates, which then settle out of the water during sedimentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary goal is to remove solids from sewage, allowing for sedimentation and collection of sludge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aerobic bacteria metabolize organic matter in wastewater, significantly reducing the BOD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlorination disinfects sewage by eliminating harmful pathogens before it is released into the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaerobic digesters facilitate the degradation of organic solids by anaerobic bacteria, producing methane and carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Septic tanks provide primary treatment by allowing solids to settle and be decomposed by soil microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In oxidation ponds, sludge settles first, and then effluent is pumped to shallow ponds where algae produce oxygen for decomposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tertiary sewage treatment involves additional removal of remaining BOD, nitrogen, and phosphorus through advanced physical and chemical methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary treatment removes 25-35% of BOD, while secondary treatment can remove 75-95% due to the action of aerobic microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The MMWR publishes data on morbidity and mortality associated with notifiable diseases in the United States.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The morbidity rate is calculated by determining the number of affected individuals in relation to the total population over a specified time period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Notifiable infectious diseases are those that physicians are legally required to report when they occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mortality rate refers to the number of deaths caused by a disease in relation to the population during a specific time frame.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIV Infection is an example of a notifiable disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The CDC collects and analyzes epidemiological data to inform public health policies and responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>National notifications for diseases like tuberculosis help in early detection and implementation of control measures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differentiating between morbidity and mortality is important to understand the impact of a disease on life quality and survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vaccination is a preventive measure that can reduce both morbidity and mortality rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The CDC compiles epidemiological data regarding the incidence and impact of hemolytic uremic syndrome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process by which CO2 is converted into organic matter using energy from sunlight.

Organisms that use organic matter for energy, releasing CO2 and energy through respiration.

Organisms that break down dead organic matter, releasing CO2 and nutrients back into the environment.

The process by which nitrogen gas in the atmosphere is converted into ammonia, making nitrogen available to plants.

The enzyme used by nitrogen-fixing bacteria to convert nitrogen gas to ammonia.

The process by which proteins are broken down into amino acids, releasing ammonia.

The release of ammonia from the breakdown of organic matter.

The conversion of ammonia into ammonium ions (NH4+), which are then available to plants.

Infections acquired while receiving treatment in a healthcare facility. Also known as nosocomial infections.

An individual whose resistance to infection is weakened by disease, therapy, or burns. They are more susceptible to HAIs.

The spread of microorganisms within a healthcare environment. Examples include direct contact, airborne transmission, contaminated surfaces, and medical equipment.

Microorganisms present in the hospital environment, weakened host status, and the chain of transmission.

Preventing HAIs involves proper hand hygiene, disinfection, isolation of infected patients, and following standard precautions.

Infections acquired in a healthcare setting, like hospitals or clinics.

A person with weakened defenses, making them more susceptible to infections.

The primary method of spreading nosocomial infections, often involving contact with contaminated surfaces or healthcare personnel.

Practices that prevent the spread of infections, like handwashing, disinfection, and using disposable materials.

A team dedicated to monitoring and reducing infections within a healthcare facility.

New or re-emerging diseases that are causing increased concern.

The reason for the emergence of many infectious diseases. It can lead to antibiotic resistance and new strains.

The science of studying the distribution and determinants of health and diseases in specific populations.

A type of packaging where the materials themselves are not heat-resistant and therefore cannot undergo conventional heat sterilization. Instead, the materials are sterilized beforehand (e.g., using hydrogen peroxide or UV light for paper/plastic, steam or electron beams for metal). The food is also sterilized before filling, and the package is not sterilized after sealing.

A process that uses high-energy radiation to kill microorganisms in food products. This method uses radiation that displaces electrons from atoms, creating ions. Commonly used forms are x-rays and gamma rays.

The unit of measurement for absorbed radiation energy. One Gray signifies the absorption of one Joule of radiation energy per kilogram of matter.

A relatively low dose of ionizing radiation (10 kGy) used to significantly reduce or eliminate harmful bacteria in spices, extending their shelf life.

A specific form of electromagnetic radiation used for sterilization. While it does not ionize directly, it causes water molecules to vibrate intensely, generating heat that kills microbes.

A table summarizing the approximate dose of ionizing radiation required to kill various organisms. This table showcases that different organisms have different sensitivities to radiation.

Prions are infectious agents that cause serious brain diseases, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. They are highly resistant to conventional sterilization methods and are not affected by even high doses of ionizing radiation.

The process of using ionizing radiation to reduce or eliminate microbial contamination in food, extending shelf life and enhancing safety.

The process of removing solid particles from wastewater through sedimentation.

A measure of the amount of biodegradable organic matter in water. It reflects the oxygen needed by bacteria to decompose this matter.

The process of using microbes (mostly Zoogloea) in a tank with air pumped in to further remove organic matter from wastewater.

A method of secondary wastewater treatment where sewage is sprayed over a bed of rocks or plastic, fostering a biofilm of aerobic microbes for further decomposition.

A secondary sewage treatment method that uses rotating disks to aerate wastewater and grow a biofilm of aerobic microbes.

The final step in typical sewage treatment where chlorination is used to kill remaining harmful microbes before releasing the treated water.

Breaking down the solid sludge removed during primary treatment using anaerobic bacteria. These bacteria create methane and carbon dioxide as byproducts.

A device used for primary sewage treatment in areas with low population density. It uses a tank to hold and partially treat sewage.

A series of shallow ponds used for secondary wastewater treatment. The first pond settles sludge, while the second pond promotes the growth of algae, which produces oxygen for aerobic decomposition.

A final stage in sewage treatment, after primary and secondary stages, that aims to remove nearly all remaining BOD, nitrogen, and phosphorus from treated water.

The collection and analysis of disease data in the US.

A weekly report published by the CDC that tracks the incidence and mortality of notifiable diseases in the US.

A disease that physicians are legally obligated to report to public health authorities.

The number of cases of a specific disease in a population within a specific time.

The number of deaths from a specific disease in a population within a specific time.

A bacterial infection that can cause severe food poisoning.

A sexually transmitted infection caused by a bacteria.

A viral infection that can cause severe respiratory illness.

A serious viral infection that can cause paralysis.

A bacterial infection that can cause a severe rash.