Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of the NQF?

  • To provide legal standards for hospital performance measures
  • To advocate for public and private purchasers
  • To promote and reconcile new guidelines, standards, and reporting measures for health care quality improvement (correct)
  • To represent only health care professionals and provider organizations

    • How many member organizations are currently part of the NQF?

  • Less than 100
  • More than 400 (correct)
  • Around 200
  • Exactly 5000

    • Who governs the organization NQF?

  • Providers and insurers
  • Board of directors representing various stakeholders (correct)
  • U.S. OMB Circular A-119
  • Health services experts only

    • What does the NQF consensus process entail?

    <p>Reconciliation and promotion of hospital performance measures and standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the special legal status conferred on hospital performance measures and standards endorsed by NQF?

    <p>Voluntary consensus standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who does the NQF represent in addition to health care consumer advocacy groups?

    <p>Public and private purchasers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the approximate reduction in infection rates for hospitals with strong infection control commitment?

    <p>32%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the requirement for accredited hospitals to have infection control programs established?

    <p>1976</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization mandated accredited hospitals to have infection control programs?

    <p>The Joint Commission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CDC's NHSN and EIP in preventing and controlling HAIs?

    <p>Providing data for reports tracking HAI progress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of CDC's DHQP in preventing and controlling HAIs?

    <p>Conducting clinical research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of HICPAC in preventing and controlling HAIs?

    <p>Providing advice and guidance to DHHS and CDC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What resources has the CDC developed and made available for HAI prevention and control?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of NHSN?

    <p>Providing data for reports tracking HAI progress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of APIC, SHEA, and SIS in collaboration with DHQP?

    <p>Developing practice guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the SHEPheRD Program focus on?

    <p>Funding research on HAI prevention and control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key function of the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP)?

    <p>Training and developing professionals for HAI prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspects does EIP track for preventing and controlling HAIs?

    <p>Blood safety errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mission of the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)?

    <p>To produce and promote evidence-based information for informed healthcare decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization has diverse expertise in clinical health sciences research?

    <p>The Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual number of deaths in the U.S. from hospital errors, injuries, accidents, and infections?

    <p>440,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influenced the patient safety movement in healthcare settings?

    <p>Industrial quality-improvement practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Institute of Medicine's (IOM) report 'To Err Is Human' advocate for?

    <p>Application of industrial quality-improvement practices in healthcare settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant concern and the target of prevention efforts in healthcare settings?

    <p>Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Cochrane Collaboration translate into 14 languages to make evidence accessible?

    <p>&quot;Plain-language summaries&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) get its funding from?

    <p>U.S. Treasury and CMS trust funds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Freedom from accidental injury' is a definition attributed to which method in the patient safety movement?

    <p>&quot;To Err Is Human&quot; report</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of organization contributes to quality improvement through clinical practice guidelines and quality of care standards?

    <p>&quot;Healthcare professional associations&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'To Err Is Human' brought national attention to which issue?

    <p>&quot;Medical errors&quot;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of review does the Cochrane Collaboration have over 7,500 of in the Cochrane Library?

    <p>Systematic Reviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason for the challenging nature of preventing HAIs?

    <p>Lack of awareness about HAIs among healthcare staff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the origin of infection-control programs in the US?

    <p>Nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus infection outbreaks of the 1950s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the pioneering effort to prevent HAIs in the 1960s?

    <p>Comprehensive Hospital Infections Project</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which program provided rigorous scientific evidence for the effectiveness of infection control programs in the 1970s?

    <p>Study on the Effectiveness of Nosocomial Infection Control (SENIC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year was SENIC implemented with 338 randomly selected US hospitals?

    <p>1970</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of inpatients in the US are affected by HAIs?

    <p>1 in 25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do HAIs stand for?

    <p>Healthcare-Associated Infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Antimicrobial resistance among major infective organisms' complicates HAI prevention and control due to:

    <p>'Superbugs' becoming more common</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Healthcare-associated infections' are defined as infections acquired by patients:

    <p>... that were not present at the time of admission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one key factor that contributed to the challenging nature of preventing HAIs?

    <p>Ubiquity of microorganisms in healthcare settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group may inadvertently spread pathogens as they move between patients?

    <p>Healthcare staff members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant cause of illness and death in the US according to the stem?

    <p>HAIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of the National Quality Forum (NQF)?

    <p>To provide data for performance-based decisions and incentives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization aims to improve health care safety, quality, and affordability through transparency?

    <p>The Leapfrog Group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mission of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI)?

    <p>To improve health and health care worldwide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization is dedicated to producing evidence that improves health care quality through systematic reviews?

    <p>Cochrane Collaboration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific role of the Business Roundtable in relation to health care improvement?

    <p>To trigger giant leaps forward in U.S. health care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which program is included in Leapfrog's initiatives for health care improvement?

    <p>Value-Based Purchasing Program</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiative was developed by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) to improve health care quality?

    <p>100,000 Lives Campaign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of decision-making does Cochrane Collaboration aim to promote in health care?

    <p>'Evidence-informed' decision-making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization has developed the Triple Aim framework for optimizing health system performance?

    <p>Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization has a mission to trigger giant leaps forward in U.S. health care?

    <p>Business Roundtable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Cochrane Collaboration?

    <p>To produce evidence that improves health care quality through systematic reviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the NHSN's annual and special reports on HAI infection rates?

    <p>To assist in HAI quality-improvement initiatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the online Hospital Compare provided by the NHSN?

    <p>To provide hospital-level information on HAIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hallmark of the effort to prevent and control HAIs according to the text?

    <p>Collaboration and coordination among federal agencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reflected in the number of health care facilities that participate in CDC’s HAI monitoring activities?

    <p>Success of collaboration with professional organizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 2017 National and State Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI) Progress Report provide?

    <p>A summary of select HAIs in four health care settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can practice guidelines for specific HAIs be found according to the text?

    <p>In the CDC's Guidelines Library</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key area covered in the 2017 National and State Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI) Progress Report?

    <p>Progress in preventing and controlling HAIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the technical tables provided in the 2017 National and State Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI) Progress Report?

    <p>Additional statistics about HAIs, reporting mandates, and data validation efforts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infections are covered in the 2017 National and State Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI) Progress Report?

    <p><strong>CLABSI</strong>, <strong>SSI</strong>, <strong>CAUTI</strong>, <strong>VAE</strong>, <strong>C. diff</strong>, and <strong>MRSA</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can detailed practice guidelines for each of these HAIs be found?

    <p>In the CDC's Guidelines Library</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant source of information used to motivate continued improvement in HAI prevention efforts?

    <p>Hospital Compare website</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the National Quality Forum (NQF) aim to reconcile?

    <p>Redundant and incompatible guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which act was the NQF consensus process developed pursuant to and in accordance with?

    <p>National Technology Transfer Act of 1995</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legal status does NQF endorsement confer on hospital performance measures and standards?

    <p>Voluntary consensus standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many member organizations are currently part of the National Quality Forum?

    <p>400 member organizations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is represented on the board of directors of the National Quality Forum?

    <p>Consumers, purchasers, providers, insurers, and health services experts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the National Quality Forum (NQF)?

    <p>Improving health care safety, quality, and affordability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the name of the pioneering effort to prevent HAIs in the 1960s?

    <p>National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Study on the Effectiveness of Nosocomial Infection Control (SENIC) in the 1970s provide?

    <p>Rigorous scientific evidence for the effectiveness of infection control programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of CDC's DHQP in preventing and controlling HAIs?

    <p>Developing guidelines for HAI prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influenced the patient safety movement in healthcare settings?

    <p>Nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus infection outbreaks of the 1950s</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of APIC, SHEA, and SIS in collaboration with DHQP?

    <p>Providing guidelines for HAI prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific role of the Business Roundtable in relation to health care improvement?

    <p>Implementing patient safety measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the SHEPheRD Program focus on?

    <p>Promoting patient safety in healthcare facilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Freedom from accidental injury' is a definition attributed to which method in the patient safety movement?

    <p>$IHI Triple Aim framework$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Healthcare-associated infections' are defined as infections acquired by patients:

    <p>$In healthcare facilities after admission$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'What initiative was developed by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) to improve health care quality?'

    <p>IHI Triple Aim framework</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do HAIs stand for?

    <p>Hospital-Associated Infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reflected in the number of health care facilities that participate in CDC’s HAI monitoring activities?

    <p>The effectiveness of infection control programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization aims to improve health care safety, quality, and affordability by using transparency to support informed decisions and promote high-value care?

    <p>Leapfrog Group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization developed the Triple Aim framework for optimizing health system performance?

    <p>Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization is dedicated to producing evidence that improves health care quality through systematic reviews and other synthesized research evidence?

    <p>Cochrane Collaboration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mission of the National Quality Forum (NQF)?

    <p>To endorse quality measures and patient safety practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization issued reports on quality measures and makes data publicly available to enable performance-based decisions and stimulate health care improvement?

    <p>National Quality Forum (NQF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mission of Cochrane Collaboration?

    <p>To produce evidence that improves health care quality through systematic reviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization was founded by the Business Roundtable with a mission to trigger giant leaps forward in U.S. health care?

    <p>Leapfrog Group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Healthcare-associated infections' are defined as infections acquired by patients:

    <p>While receiving medical treatment in a healthcare facility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Freedom from accidental injury' is a definition attributed to which method in the patient safety movement?

    <p>Practice of safe, effective, patient-centered, timely, efficient, and equitable care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Institute of Medicine's (IOM) report 'To Err Is Human' advocate for?

    <p>Improving patient safety through medical errors reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CDC's NHSN and EIP in preventing and controlling HAIs?

    <p>Monitoring and tracking HAIs in healthcare settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the NHSN?

    <p>To produce annual and special reports on HAI infection rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the DHHS Steering Committee for the Prevention of Healthcare-Associated Infections?

    <p>To establish the HHS Action Plan to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the 2017 National and State Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI) Progress Report?

    <p>Progress in prevention of specific HAIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of facilities are included in CDC's HAI monitoring activities?

    <p>Acute care, long-term care, psychiatric, and rehabilitation hospitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can practice guidelines for each of the specific HAIs be found?

    <p>CDC's Guidelines Library</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is reflected in the success of collaboration among federal agencies and health care facilities?

    <p>Number of health care facilities participating in CDC’s HAI monitoring activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Hospital Compare provide public scrutiny of?

    <p>Healthcare-associated infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'To Err Is Human' brought national attention to which issue?

    <p>Patient safety movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Freedom from accidental injury' is a definition attributed to which method in the patient safety movement?

    <p>'Freedom from Errors'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Antimicrobial resistance among major infective organisms' complicates HAI prevention and control due to:

    <p>'Increased difficulty in treating infections'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Triple Aim framework aim to optimize?

    <p>Patient outcomes and experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI)?

    <p>Triggering giant leaps forward in U.S. health care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN)?

    <p>Providing data for reports to track HAI progress and problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) in preventing and controlling HAIs?

    <p>Developing and publishing infection control guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP) at the CDC?

    <p>Supporting HAI prevention through clinical research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant role of the Emerging Infections Program (EIP) in preventing and controlling HAIs?

    <p>Providing data for reports to track HAI progress and problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key contribution of professional infection-control organizations like APIC, SHEA, and SIS in preventing HAIs?

    <p>Collaborating with DHQP to generate, update, and publish infection control guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant function of the SHEPheRD Program in preventing and eliminating HAIs?

    <p>Funding clinical research at CDC's DHQP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific role of a hospital epidemiologist in reducing infection rates?

    <p>Monitoring and reinforcing the implementation of guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the pioneering effort that led to the acceptance of infection control guidelines in hospitals?

    <p>The mandate from The Joint Commission for accredited hospitals to have infection control programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influenced the patient safety movement in healthcare settings?

    <p>The evidence from hospitals with strong infection control commitment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Institute of Medicine's (IOM) report 'To Err Is Human' advocate for?

    <p>A focus on patient safety and reducing medical errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mission of the Cochrane Collaboration?

    <p>To produce and promote high-integrity, evidence-based information to improve healthcare delivery and outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)?

    <p>To help people make informed healthcare decisions and improve healthcare delivery and outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP)?

    <p>To promote high-integrity, evidence-based information in healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the National Quality Forum (NQF)?

    <p>To trigger giant leaps forward in U.S. health care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of APIC, SHEA, and SIS in collaboration with DHQP?

    <p>To reduce errors, injuries, and infections in healthcare settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Freedom from accidental injury' is a definition attributed to which method in the patient safety movement?

    <p>Total Quality Management (TQM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'To Err Is Human' (2000) brought national attention to which issue?

    <p>Prevalence of medical errors and advocating for quality-improvement practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Antimicrobial resistance among major infective organisms' complicates HAI prevention and control due to:

    <p>Challenging nature of preventing HAIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can practice guidelines for specific HAIs be found according to the text?

    <p>In healthcare professional associations like the American Medical Association</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one key factor that contributed to the challenging nature of preventing HAIs?

    <p>Influence from Total Quality Management (TQM) methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the approximate reduction in infection rates for hospitals with strong infection control commitment?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What resources has the CDC developed and made available for HAI prevention and control?

    <p>Online Hospital Compare provided by the NHSN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the approximate percentage decrease in MRSA bacteremia between 2016 and 2017 according to the 2017 Progress Report?

    <p>8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of healthcare facility is the largest group monitored by the NHSN, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Acute care hospitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source for making NHSN data on healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) available for individual hospitals?

    <p>Medicare.gov</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym CLABSI stand for in the context of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)?

    <p>Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the 2017 Progress Report, what was the approximate percentage decrease in C. diff infections between 2016 and 2017?

    <p>13%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can information about quality measures (QMs) for individual hospitals, including healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), be found?

    <p>Medicare.gov</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific criterion for evaluating health system performance in health care?

    <p>Allocative efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary goal of the Affordable Care Act (ACA)?

    <p>Setting minimum standards for private health insurance policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which racial/ethnic group experienced the largest coverage gain after the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA)?

    <p>Hispanics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of being uninsured, according to the text?

    <p>Reduced access to healthcare providers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of microlevel health care efficiency assessment?

    <p>Production functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic groups were disproportionately affected by lack of health insurance or underinsurance?

    <p>Urban residents and minority groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of macrolevel health care efficiency assessment?

    <p>International comparisons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a factor contributing to reduced access to healthcare for rural and inner-city residents?

    <p>Lack of healthcare resources and providers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in terms of insured individuals by 2018?

    <p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did previous reform efforts prior to the ACA aim to address?

    <p>Closing disparities in health care access and quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the United States primarily finance its health care system?

    <p>Through a mixed system including employer-based insurance, Medicare, and Medicaid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the third criterion for evaluating health system performance in health care?

    <p>Efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of allocative efficiency in health care?

    <p>Most valued mix of services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common issue faced by uninsured individuals in seeking healthcare?

    <p>Delayed healthcare seeking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group saw improvements in health care access and a narrowing of socioeconomic disparities under the Affordable Care Act (ACA)?

    <p>Low-income households</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does production efficiency in health care focus on?

    <p>Producing services at minimum cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group experienced a narrowing of disparities in health insurance coverage after the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA)?

    <p>Hispanics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of macrolevel health care efficiency assessment?

    <p>International comparisons of health care systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary association of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) as stated in the text?

    <p>Mandated individual health insurance purchase and provided subsidies for those with low incomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN)?

    <p>To measure population health outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP)?

    <p>Promoting healthcare-associated infection prevention and control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the NQF consensus process entail?

    <p>Developing quality measures through consensus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the approximate reduction in infection rates for hospitals with strong infection control commitment?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Freedom from accidental injury' is a definition attributed to which method in the patient safety movement?

    <p>Infection control programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Antimicrobial resistance among major infective organisms' complicates HAI prevention and control due to:

    <p>Challenges in designing and evaluating interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influenced the patient safety movement in healthcare settings?

    <p>'To Err Is Human' report by the Institute of Medicine (IOM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'To Err Is Human' brought national attention to which issue?

    <p>Patient safety in healthcare settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Healthcare-associated infections' are defined as infections acquired by patients:

    <p>During the course of receiving treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Freedom from accidental injury' is a definition attributed to which method in the patient safety movement?

    <p>Infection control programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'To Err Is Human' brought national attention to which issue?

    <p>Patient safety in healthcare settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Healthcare-associated infections' are defined as infections acquired by patients:

    <p>During the course of receiving treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the 2017 Commonwealth Fund's Mirror, Mirror on the Wall report, how did the US health system's performance compare to other high-income countries?

    <p>Rated worst in nearly every respect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the 2016 report, what contributed to the US health care spending being the highest among 11 peer nations?

    <p>Higher administrative costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Commonwealth Fund's National Scorecard evaluate the US health care system using?

    <p>47 indicators in four dimensions: Access and Affordability, Prevention and Treatment, Potentially Avoidable Hospital Use and Cost, and Healthy Lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the United States spend more on than other high-income countries according to the text?

    <p>Health care administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the 2010 and 2014 reports compare regarding the US health care system with 10 peer nations?

    <p>% of GDP spent on health care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the US rank last in according to the Commonwealth Fund's Mirror, Mirror on The Wall reports?

    <p>Mortality amenable to health care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of health system performance did the US rank last in according to the 2017 Commonwealth Fund's Mirror, Mirror on The Wall report?

    <p>Equity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of VAP cases that may be preventable with current evidence-based strategies?

    <p>55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor making full implementation of infection-control guidelines challenging in hospitals?

    <p>Competing priorities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Affordable Care Act?

    <p>Expanding access to care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated annual number of deaths in the U.S. from hospital errors, injuries, accidents, and infections?

    <p>100,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of CDC's Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP) in preventing and controlling HAIs?

    <p>Providing training and resources to hospitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the pioneering effort that led to the acceptance of infection control guidelines in hospitals?

    <p>SENIC study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Freedom from accidental injury' is a definition attributed to which method in the patient safety movement?

    <p>Quality improvement methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'To Err Is Human' brought national attention to which issue?

    <p>Medical errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Antimicrobial resistance among major infective organisms' complicates HAI prevention and control due to:

    <p>Increased difficulty in treating infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the SHEPheRD Program focus on?

    <p>Preventing and eliminating HAIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What resources has the CDC developed and made available for HAI prevention and control?

    <p>Training and resources for hospitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant concern for equity in healthcare according to the text?

    <p>Access to preventive services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Uniform Billing Form (UB-04 or CMS 1450)?

    <p>To submit bills to health insurance companies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which form is used by individual providers, including physicians, nurses, therapists, chiropractors, and other health care professionals?

    <p>HCFA-1500</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the HIPAA administration simplification section require?

    <p>Standardizing the claims format for electronic exchange among all payers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information is included in the Uniform Billing Form (UB-04 or CMS 1450)?

    <p>Diagnoses associated with treatment provided and treatment codes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary impact of HIPAA on the claims format for electronic exchange?

    <p>It standardized the format for all payers, making it easier for providers to submit claims electronically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the HCFA-1500 (CMS 1500) form?

    <p>To submit bills to health insurance companies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data is increasingly computerized and comes in two forms: Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) and Electronic Health Records (EHRs)?

    <p>Medical records</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system focuses on the total health of the patient and reaches out to other health care providers for a more comprehensive view of patient care?

    <p>EHRs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which survey provides important health data not contained in administrative or medical records, such as patient satisfaction and perceptions of quality of care?

    <p>HCAHPS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which source provides crucial information for evaluating health systems performance at the macrolevel, providing data on births, deaths, and other health-related statistics?

    <p>National Vital Statistics System (NVSS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can relevant health surveys and administrative data be obtained electronically from?

    <p>Various organizations, including CDC, AHRQ, and CMS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information do enrollment files contain about patients and beneficiaries in various health care facilities and organizations?

    <p>Basic demographic data and health insurance information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system allows clinicians to easily access patient data for tracking trends, preventive care, and overall quality improvement within one practice?

    <p>EMRs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which survey measures patient perceptions of hospital care and provides standardized data for comparison?

    <p>HCAHPS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) provide data on?

    <p>Births, deaths, and other health-related statistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization provides relevant health surveys and administrative data electronically?

    <p>CDC, AHRQ, and CMS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of CPT Category II and similar extensions?

    <p>Quality measurement and population analytics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who administers the Cancer Registries established by Congress in 1992?

    <p>National Program of Cancer Registries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization has been leading the effort to develop Health Information Exchange (HIE) since 2004?

    <p>Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of nonfederal acute care hospitals had necessary patient health information electronically available from health care providers or sources outside their systems at the point of care as of 2018?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization awarded eMeasure Certification to the Nebraska Health Information Initiative (NHII) in 2019?

    <p>National Quality Forum (NQF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Since when have the Medicare and Medicaid Electronic Health Record (EHR) Incentive Programs been providing incentive payments?

    <p>2004</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For how long has the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) been administering the NVSS?

    <p>Since 2019</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization is responsible for promoting nationwide health information exchange and supporting the adoption of health information technology?

    <p>Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did NCQA award to the Nebraska Health Information Initiative (NHII) in 2019, making it the first exchange organization to receive this certification?

    <p>eMeasure Certification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which initiative aims to provide patients, providers, and payers with electronic access to a patient’s health information across all care sites?

    <p>Health Information Exchange (HIE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) include as three data sources?

    <p>Linked Birth and Infant Death Data, Mortality Data, Natality Data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The NHSN system will initially focus on data collection for which of the following adverse events?

    <p>Bloodstream infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will the medication-associated module of the NHSN system maintain?

    <p>Antibiotic prescription monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization will provide web-based data sharing and data analysis tools through the NHSN system?

    <p>CDC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been a major focus in the past 20 years with regard to health care quality?

    <p>Equity in access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a concern for policy makers in relation to health care access and quality?

    <p>Equity in access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key area of focus for the NHSN system in relation to medication-associated events?

    <p>Antimicrobial resistance monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of the CDC's NHSN system?

    <p>Web-based data sharing and analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has received less attention in the discussion about health care system performance?

    <p>Efficiency improvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will be available to all bona fide health care entities under the proposed system?

    <p>Adverse event surveillance modules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the NHSN system aim to expand beyond currently covered areas and facilities?

    <p>Data collection modules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the medication-associated module of the NHSN system maintain?

    <p>Antibiotic prescription monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key focus of microlevel health care quality improvement?

    <p>Clinical effectiveness monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of open APIs in the context of healthcare information exchange?

    <p>To enable payers to access information without having to access one record at a time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) developed by the CDC?

    <p>To create a common interface for data exchange and integration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major challenge faced by patients in accessing their own health information?

    <p>Lack of data standardization and consent rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proposed solution for advancing healthcare through modern computing tools?

    <p>Easy and secure access to medical data for patients through devices like smartphones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) in addressing healthcare barriers?

    <p>To develop new capabilities and reduce administrative burden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI)?

    <p>Optimizing health system performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization developed the Triple Aim framework for optimizing health system performance?

    <p>Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Freedom from accidental injury' is a definition attributed to which method in the patient safety movement?

    <p>'To Err Is Human' report by Institute of Medicine (IOM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of the Cochrane Collaboration?

    <p>Producing evidence that improves healthcare quality through systematic reviews</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What legal status does NQF endorsement confer on hospital performance measures and standards?

    <p>It confers special legal status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the pioneering effort that led to the acceptance of infection control guidelines in hospitals?

    <p>'To Err Is Human' report by Institute of Medicine (IOM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • National Quality Forum (NQF) endorses quality measures and patient safety practices for use by Medicare, Medicaid, and other federally funded health care programs

    • NQF issues reports on quality measures and makes data publicly available to enable performance-based decisions, create incentives for improvement, and stimulate health care improvement

    • The Leapfrog Group is a nonprofit organization that aims to improve health care safety, quality, and affordability by using transparency to support informed decisions and promote high-value care

    • Leapfrog was founded by the Business Roundtable and has a mission to trigger giant leaps forward in U.S. health care

    • Leapfrog's programs include the Leapfrog Hospital Survey, Hospital Safety Grade, Value-Based Purchasing Program, and Ambulatory Surgery Center Survey

    • Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) is a nonprofit organization with a mission to improve health and health care worldwide

    • IHI developed the Triple Aim framework for optimizing health system performance and has an associated improvement process

    • IHI has run several initiatives such as the 100,000 Lives Campaign and 5 Million Lives Campaign to improve health care quality

    • Cochrane Collaboration is a nonprofit organization dedicated to producing evidence that improves health care quality through systematic reviews and other synthesized research evidence

    • Cochrane Collaboration's mission is to promote evidence-informed health decision-making.

    • The Cochrane Collaboration, with reviews in 43 countries, has over 7,500 Systematic Reviews in the Cochrane Library.

    • The organization translates plain-language summaries into 14 languages to make evidence accessible.

    • Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) is a nonprofit corporation, funded by the U.S. Treasury, CMS trust funds, and a fee assessed on private insurance.

    • PCORI's mission is to help people make informed healthcare decisions and improve healthcare delivery and outcomes by producing and promoting high-integrity, evidence-based information.

    • The organization's 21-member governing board has diverse expertise in clinical health sciences research.

    • Healthcare professional associations, such as the American Medical Association, American Hospital Association, and American Nurses Association, contribute to quality improvement through clinical practice guidelines and quality of care standards.

    • In the U.S., it's estimated that 440,000 people die annually from hospital errors, injuries, accidents, and infections.

    • The patient safety movement, which emerged in the 1990s, aimed to reduce errors, injuries, and infections in healthcare settings using industrial quality-improvement practices.

    • W. Edwards Deming's Statistical Process Control (SPC) and Total Quality Management (TQM) methods influenced the patient safety movement, which has been defined as "freedom from accidental injury" (IOM, 2000).

    • Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) are a significant concern and the target of prevention efforts, with an estimated 1 in 25 hospital patients developing a preventable infection each year.

    • The Institute of Medicine's (IOM) report, "To Err Is Human" (2000), brought patient safety to national attention by revealing the prevalence of medical errors and advocating for the application of industrial quality-improvement practices in healthcare settings.

    • The text discusses the progress made in reducing Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) since the 1970s and the challenges that remain.

    • Since the SENIC study, CDC and collaborators have implemented prevention and control initiatives, leading to more oversight, public reporting, and consumer comparison of HAI rates.

    • Full implementation of infection-control guidelines can lead to almost zero HAI rates in hospitals, but this is challenging due to competing priorities, declining budgets, and cultural resistance.

    • Hospitals that have successfully reduced HAIs have implemented quality improvement methods and shown institutional will.

    • An estimated 65-70% of CABSI and CAUTI, 55% of VAP, and 55% of SSI cases may be preventable with current evidence-based strategies.

    • The distribution of quality healthcare is a concern for equity, with socioeconomic status, race and ethnicity, and geographic location historically associated with poorer access and quality.

    • Prior to the Affordable Care Act, lower-income individuals, racial and ethnic minorities, and those living in rural areas or inner cities were disproportionately affected by inequities in healthcare access and quality.

    • Disparities in healthcare quality were observed, including fewer preventive services for people with lower socioeconomic status.

    • New technologies and clinical breakthroughs will improve infection control guidelines and increase the proportion of HAIs that are considered preventable.

    • CDC provides training and resources to help hospitals implement infection control practices.

    • The Affordable Care Act aims to address equity in healthcare by expanding access to care, improving coverage, and improving the quality of care for all Americans.

    • Health IT adoption is widespread, but access to electronic health data is not always productive for patients, providers, and payers.

    • Patients face challenges in accessing their own health information, limiting their ability to manage their health and compare prices of medical services.

    • Health care providers often lack access to patient data at the point of care, hindering effective care coordination.

    • Payers lack computational visibility into their members' health data, making it difficult to assess the value of the services they purchase.

    • Lack of data standardization and consent rules hinder the sharing of medical data across providers and systems.

    • In order to advance healthcare through modern computing tools, patients need easy and secure access to their medical data through devices like smartphones.

    • Payers need access to multiple health records to effectively represent their members and make data-driven decisions.

    • Interoperability barriers, including technical, financial, trust, and business practice barriers, hinder the exchange of health information across the care continuum.

    • The ONC plans to address these barriers by providing certified health IT upgrades, developing new capabilities, encouraging data sharing, and reducing administrative burden.

    • Open APIs are a proposed solution for improving access and exchange of health information through devices and enabling payers to access information without having to access one record at a time.

    • The National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) is an example of a data sharing platform developed by the CDC to promote patient safety and support local efforts to prevent adverse events by creating a common interface for data exchange and integration.

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    Test your knowledge on healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and their impact on patient care. Learn about the causes, prevention, and management of these infections acquired in healthcare facilities.

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