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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of the NQF?
How many member organizations are currently part of the NQF?
Who governs the organization NQF?
What does the NQF consensus process entail?
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What is the special legal status conferred on hospital performance measures and standards endorsed by NQF?
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Who does the NQF represent in addition to health care consumer advocacy groups?
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What was the approximate reduction in infection rates for hospitals with strong infection control commitment?
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When was the requirement for accredited hospitals to have infection control programs established?
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Which organization mandated accredited hospitals to have infection control programs?
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What is the role of CDC's NHSN and EIP in preventing and controlling HAIs?
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What is the main role of CDC's DHQP in preventing and controlling HAIs?
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What is the role of HICPAC in preventing and controlling HAIs?
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What resources has the CDC developed and made available for HAI prevention and control?
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What is the primary purpose of NHSN?
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What is the focus of APIC, SHEA, and SIS in collaboration with DHQP?
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What does the SHEPheRD Program focus on?
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What is the key function of the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP)?
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What aspects does EIP track for preventing and controlling HAIs?
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What is the primary mission of the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)?
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Which organization has diverse expertise in clinical health sciences research?
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What is the estimated annual number of deaths in the U.S. from hospital errors, injuries, accidents, and infections?
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What influenced the patient safety movement in healthcare settings?
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What did the Institute of Medicine's (IOM) report 'To Err Is Human' advocate for?
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What is a significant concern and the target of prevention efforts in healthcare settings?
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What does the Cochrane Collaboration translate into 14 languages to make evidence accessible?
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Where does the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) get its funding from?
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'Freedom from accidental injury' is a definition attributed to which method in the patient safety movement?
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Which type of organization contributes to quality improvement through clinical practice guidelines and quality of care standards?
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'To Err Is Human' brought national attention to which issue?
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Which type of review does the Cochrane Collaboration have over 7,500 of in the Cochrane Library?
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Which of the following is NOT a reason for the challenging nature of preventing HAIs?
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What was the origin of infection-control programs in the US?
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What was the pioneering effort to prevent HAIs in the 1960s?
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Which program provided rigorous scientific evidence for the effectiveness of infection control programs in the 1970s?
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In which year was SENIC implemented with 338 randomly selected US hospitals?
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What percentage of inpatients in the US are affected by HAIs?
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What do HAIs stand for?
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'Antimicrobial resistance among major infective organisms' complicates HAI prevention and control due to:
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'Healthcare-associated infections' are defined as infections acquired by patients:
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What was one key factor that contributed to the challenging nature of preventing HAIs?
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Which group may inadvertently spread pathogens as they move between patients?
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What is a significant cause of illness and death in the US according to the stem?
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What is the main objective of the National Quality Forum (NQF)?
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Which organization aims to improve health care safety, quality, and affordability through transparency?
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What is the primary mission of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI)?
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Which organization is dedicated to producing evidence that improves health care quality through systematic reviews?
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What is the specific role of the Business Roundtable in relation to health care improvement?
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Which program is included in Leapfrog's initiatives for health care improvement?
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What initiative was developed by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) to improve health care quality?
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What type of decision-making does Cochrane Collaboration aim to promote in health care?
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Which organization has developed the Triple Aim framework for optimizing health system performance?
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Which organization has a mission to trigger giant leaps forward in U.S. health care?
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What is the primary goal of the Cochrane Collaboration?
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What is the primary purpose of the NHSN's annual and special reports on HAI infection rates?
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What is the purpose of the online Hospital Compare provided by the NHSN?
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What is a hallmark of the effort to prevent and control HAIs according to the text?
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What is reflected in the number of health care facilities that participate in CDC’s HAI monitoring activities?
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What does the 2017 National and State Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI) Progress Report provide?
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Where can practice guidelines for specific HAIs be found according to the text?
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What is a key area covered in the 2017 National and State Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI) Progress Report?
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What is included in the technical tables provided in the 2017 National and State Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI) Progress Report?
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Which infections are covered in the 2017 National and State Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI) Progress Report?
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Where can detailed practice guidelines for each of these HAIs be found?
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What is a significant source of information used to motivate continued improvement in HAI prevention efforts?
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What does the National Quality Forum (NQF) aim to reconcile?
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Which act was the NQF consensus process developed pursuant to and in accordance with?
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What legal status does NQF endorsement confer on hospital performance measures and standards?
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How many member organizations are currently part of the National Quality Forum?
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Who is represented on the board of directors of the National Quality Forum?
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What is the primary function of the National Quality Forum (NQF)?
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What was the name of the pioneering effort to prevent HAIs in the 1960s?
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What did the Study on the Effectiveness of Nosocomial Infection Control (SENIC) in the 1970s provide?
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What is the main role of CDC's DHQP in preventing and controlling HAIs?
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What influenced the patient safety movement in healthcare settings?
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What is the focus of APIC, SHEA, and SIS in collaboration with DHQP?
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What is the specific role of the Business Roundtable in relation to health care improvement?
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What does the SHEPheRD Program focus on?
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'Freedom from accidental injury' is a definition attributed to which method in the patient safety movement?
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'Healthcare-associated infections' are defined as infections acquired by patients:
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'What initiative was developed by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) to improve health care quality?'
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What do HAIs stand for?
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What is reflected in the number of health care facilities that participate in CDC’s HAI monitoring activities?
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Which organization aims to improve health care safety, quality, and affordability by using transparency to support informed decisions and promote high-value care?
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Which organization developed the Triple Aim framework for optimizing health system performance?
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Which organization is dedicated to producing evidence that improves health care quality through systematic reviews and other synthesized research evidence?
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What is the primary mission of the National Quality Forum (NQF)?
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Which organization issued reports on quality measures and makes data publicly available to enable performance-based decisions and stimulate health care improvement?
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What is the mission of Cochrane Collaboration?
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Which organization was founded by the Business Roundtable with a mission to trigger giant leaps forward in U.S. health care?
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'Healthcare-associated infections' are defined as infections acquired by patients:
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'Freedom from accidental injury' is a definition attributed to which method in the patient safety movement?
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What did the Institute of Medicine's (IOM) report 'To Err Is Human' advocate for?
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What is the role of CDC's NHSN and EIP in preventing and controlling HAIs?
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What is the primary purpose of the NHSN?
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What is the role of the DHHS Steering Committee for the Prevention of Healthcare-Associated Infections?
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What is the focus of the 2017 National and State Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI) Progress Report?
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What type of facilities are included in CDC's HAI monitoring activities?
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Where can practice guidelines for each of the specific HAIs be found?
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What is reflected in the success of collaboration among federal agencies and health care facilities?
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What does Hospital Compare provide public scrutiny of?
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'To Err Is Human' brought national attention to which issue?
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'Freedom from accidental injury' is a definition attributed to which method in the patient safety movement?
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'Antimicrobial resistance among major infective organisms' complicates HAI prevention and control due to:
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What does the Triple Aim framework aim to optimize?
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What was the focus of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI)?
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What is the main purpose of the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN)?
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What is the role of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) in preventing and controlling HAIs?
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What is the primary function of the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP) at the CDC?
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What is a significant role of the Emerging Infections Program (EIP) in preventing and controlling HAIs?
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What is the key contribution of professional infection-control organizations like APIC, SHEA, and SIS in preventing HAIs?
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What is a significant function of the SHEPheRD Program in preventing and eliminating HAIs?
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What is the specific role of a hospital epidemiologist in reducing infection rates?
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What was the pioneering effort that led to the acceptance of infection control guidelines in hospitals?
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What influenced the patient safety movement in healthcare settings?
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What did the Institute of Medicine's (IOM) report 'To Err Is Human' advocate for?
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What is the primary mission of the Cochrane Collaboration?
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What is the main goal of the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)?
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What is the role of the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP)?
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What is the primary purpose of the National Quality Forum (NQF)?
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What is the focus of APIC, SHEA, and SIS in collaboration with DHQP?
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'Freedom from accidental injury' is a definition attributed to which method in the patient safety movement?
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'To Err Is Human' (2000) brought national attention to which issue?
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'Antimicrobial resistance among major infective organisms' complicates HAI prevention and control due to:
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Where can practice guidelines for specific HAIs be found according to the text?
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What was one key factor that contributed to the challenging nature of preventing HAIs?
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What was the approximate reduction in infection rates for hospitals with strong infection control commitment?
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What resources has the CDC developed and made available for HAI prevention and control?
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What was the approximate percentage decrease in MRSA bacteremia between 2016 and 2017 according to the 2017 Progress Report?
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Which type of healthcare facility is the largest group monitored by the NHSN, as mentioned in the text?
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What is the main source for making NHSN data on healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) available for individual hospitals?
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What does the acronym CLABSI stand for in the context of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)?
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According to the 2017 Progress Report, what was the approximate percentage decrease in C. diff infections between 2016 and 2017?
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Where can information about quality measures (QMs) for individual hospitals, including healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), be found?
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What is the specific criterion for evaluating health system performance in health care?
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What was a primary goal of the Affordable Care Act (ACA)?
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Which racial/ethnic group experienced the largest coverage gain after the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA)?
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What was a consequence of being uninsured, according to the text?
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What is the main focus of microlevel health care efficiency assessment?
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Which demographic groups were disproportionately affected by lack of health insurance or underinsurance?
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What is the main focus of macrolevel health care efficiency assessment?
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What was a factor contributing to reduced access to healthcare for rural and inner-city residents?
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What was the result of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in terms of insured individuals by 2018?
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What did previous reform efforts prior to the ACA aim to address?
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How does the United States primarily finance its health care system?
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What is the third criterion for evaluating health system performance in health care?
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What is the primary concern of allocative efficiency in health care?
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What was a common issue faced by uninsured individuals in seeking healthcare?
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Which group saw improvements in health care access and a narrowing of socioeconomic disparities under the Affordable Care Act (ACA)?
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What does production efficiency in health care focus on?
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Which group experienced a narrowing of disparities in health insurance coverage after the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA)?
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What is the primary focus of macrolevel health care efficiency assessment?
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What was the primary association of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) as stated in the text?
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What is the primary purpose of the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN)?
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What is the role of the Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP)?
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What does the NQF consensus process entail?
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What was the approximate reduction in infection rates for hospitals with strong infection control commitment?
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'Freedom from accidental injury' is a definition attributed to which method in the patient safety movement?
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'Antimicrobial resistance among major infective organisms' complicates HAI prevention and control due to:
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What influenced the patient safety movement in healthcare settings?
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'To Err Is Human' brought national attention to which issue?
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'Healthcare-associated infections' are defined as infections acquired by patients:
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'Freedom from accidental injury' is a definition attributed to which method in the patient safety movement?
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'To Err Is Human' brought national attention to which issue?
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'Healthcare-associated infections' are defined as infections acquired by patients:
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In the 2017 Commonwealth Fund's Mirror, Mirror on the Wall report, how did the US health system's performance compare to other high-income countries?
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According to the 2016 report, what contributed to the US health care spending being the highest among 11 peer nations?
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What did the Commonwealth Fund's National Scorecard evaluate the US health care system using?
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What does the United States spend more on than other high-income countries according to the text?
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What did the 2010 and 2014 reports compare regarding the US health care system with 10 peer nations?
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What did the US rank last in according to the Commonwealth Fund's Mirror, Mirror on The Wall reports?
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What aspect of health system performance did the US rank last in according to the 2017 Commonwealth Fund's Mirror, Mirror on The Wall report?
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What is the estimated percentage of VAP cases that may be preventable with current evidence-based strategies?
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What is a significant factor making full implementation of infection-control guidelines challenging in hospitals?
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What is the primary goal of the Affordable Care Act?
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What is the estimated annual number of deaths in the U.S. from hospital errors, injuries, accidents, and infections?
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What is the main role of CDC's Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP) in preventing and controlling HAIs?
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What was the pioneering effort that led to the acceptance of infection control guidelines in hospitals?
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'Freedom from accidental injury' is a definition attributed to which method in the patient safety movement?
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'To Err Is Human' brought national attention to which issue?
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'Antimicrobial resistance among major infective organisms' complicates HAI prevention and control due to:
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What does the SHEPheRD Program focus on?
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What resources has the CDC developed and made available for HAI prevention and control?
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What is a significant concern for equity in healthcare according to the text?
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What is the primary purpose of the Uniform Billing Form (UB-04 or CMS 1450)?
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Which form is used by individual providers, including physicians, nurses, therapists, chiropractors, and other health care professionals?
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What did the HIPAA administration simplification section require?
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What information is included in the Uniform Billing Form (UB-04 or CMS 1450)?
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What was the primary impact of HIPAA on the claims format for electronic exchange?
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What is the purpose of the HCFA-1500 (CMS 1500) form?
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What type of data is increasingly computerized and comes in two forms: Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) and Electronic Health Records (EHRs)?
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Which system focuses on the total health of the patient and reaches out to other health care providers for a more comprehensive view of patient care?
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Which survey provides important health data not contained in administrative or medical records, such as patient satisfaction and perceptions of quality of care?
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Which source provides crucial information for evaluating health systems performance at the macrolevel, providing data on births, deaths, and other health-related statistics?
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Where can relevant health surveys and administrative data be obtained electronically from?
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What type of information do enrollment files contain about patients and beneficiaries in various health care facilities and organizations?
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Which system allows clinicians to easily access patient data for tracking trends, preventive care, and overall quality improvement within one practice?
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Which survey measures patient perceptions of hospital care and provides standardized data for comparison?
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What does the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) provide data on?
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Which organization provides relevant health surveys and administrative data electronically?
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What is the main focus of CPT Category II and similar extensions?
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Who administers the Cancer Registries established by Congress in 1992?
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Which organization has been leading the effort to develop Health Information Exchange (HIE) since 2004?
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What percentage of nonfederal acute care hospitals had necessary patient health information electronically available from health care providers or sources outside their systems at the point of care as of 2018?
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Which organization awarded eMeasure Certification to the Nebraska Health Information Initiative (NHII) in 2019?
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Since when have the Medicare and Medicaid Electronic Health Record (EHR) Incentive Programs been providing incentive payments?
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For how long has the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) been administering the NVSS?
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Which organization is responsible for promoting nationwide health information exchange and supporting the adoption of health information technology?
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What did NCQA award to the Nebraska Health Information Initiative (NHII) in 2019, making it the first exchange organization to receive this certification?
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Which initiative aims to provide patients, providers, and payers with electronic access to a patient’s health information across all care sites?
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What does the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) include as three data sources?
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The NHSN system will initially focus on data collection for which of the following adverse events?
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What will the medication-associated module of the NHSN system maintain?
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Which organization will provide web-based data sharing and data analysis tools through the NHSN system?
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What has been a major focus in the past 20 years with regard to health care quality?
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What is a concern for policy makers in relation to health care access and quality?
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What is a key area of focus for the NHSN system in relation to medication-associated events?
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What is a primary function of the CDC's NHSN system?
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What has received less attention in the discussion about health care system performance?
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What will be available to all bona fide health care entities under the proposed system?
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What does the NHSN system aim to expand beyond currently covered areas and facilities?
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What does the medication-associated module of the NHSN system maintain?
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What is a key focus of microlevel health care quality improvement?
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What is the primary purpose of open APIs in the context of healthcare information exchange?
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What is the main goal of the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) developed by the CDC?
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What is a major challenge faced by patients in accessing their own health information?
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What is the proposed solution for advancing healthcare through modern computing tools?
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What is the role of the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) in addressing healthcare barriers?
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What is the primary focus of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI)?
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Which organization developed the Triple Aim framework for optimizing health system performance?
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'Freedom from accidental injury' is a definition attributed to which method in the patient safety movement?
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What is the main objective of the Cochrane Collaboration?
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What legal status does NQF endorsement confer on hospital performance measures and standards?
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What was the pioneering effort that led to the acceptance of infection control guidelines in hospitals?
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Study Notes
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National Quality Forum (NQF) endorses quality measures and patient safety practices for use by Medicare, Medicaid, and other federally funded health care programs
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NQF issues reports on quality measures and makes data publicly available to enable performance-based decisions, create incentives for improvement, and stimulate health care improvement
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The Leapfrog Group is a nonprofit organization that aims to improve health care safety, quality, and affordability by using transparency to support informed decisions and promote high-value care
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Leapfrog was founded by the Business Roundtable and has a mission to trigger giant leaps forward in U.S. health care
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Leapfrog's programs include the Leapfrog Hospital Survey, Hospital Safety Grade, Value-Based Purchasing Program, and Ambulatory Surgery Center Survey
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Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) is a nonprofit organization with a mission to improve health and health care worldwide
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IHI developed the Triple Aim framework for optimizing health system performance and has an associated improvement process
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IHI has run several initiatives such as the 100,000 Lives Campaign and 5 Million Lives Campaign to improve health care quality
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Cochrane Collaboration is a nonprofit organization dedicated to producing evidence that improves health care quality through systematic reviews and other synthesized research evidence
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Cochrane Collaboration's mission is to promote evidence-informed health decision-making.
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The Cochrane Collaboration, with reviews in 43 countries, has over 7,500 Systematic Reviews in the Cochrane Library.
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The organization translates plain-language summaries into 14 languages to make evidence accessible.
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Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) is a nonprofit corporation, funded by the U.S. Treasury, CMS trust funds, and a fee assessed on private insurance.
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PCORI's mission is to help people make informed healthcare decisions and improve healthcare delivery and outcomes by producing and promoting high-integrity, evidence-based information.
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The organization's 21-member governing board has diverse expertise in clinical health sciences research.
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Healthcare professional associations, such as the American Medical Association, American Hospital Association, and American Nurses Association, contribute to quality improvement through clinical practice guidelines and quality of care standards.
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In the U.S., it's estimated that 440,000 people die annually from hospital errors, injuries, accidents, and infections.
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The patient safety movement, which emerged in the 1990s, aimed to reduce errors, injuries, and infections in healthcare settings using industrial quality-improvement practices.
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W. Edwards Deming's Statistical Process Control (SPC) and Total Quality Management (TQM) methods influenced the patient safety movement, which has been defined as "freedom from accidental injury" (IOM, 2000).
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Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) are a significant concern and the target of prevention efforts, with an estimated 1 in 25 hospital patients developing a preventable infection each year.
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The Institute of Medicine's (IOM) report, "To Err Is Human" (2000), brought patient safety to national attention by revealing the prevalence of medical errors and advocating for the application of industrial quality-improvement practices in healthcare settings.
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The text discusses the progress made in reducing Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) since the 1970s and the challenges that remain.
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Since the SENIC study, CDC and collaborators have implemented prevention and control initiatives, leading to more oversight, public reporting, and consumer comparison of HAI rates.
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Full implementation of infection-control guidelines can lead to almost zero HAI rates in hospitals, but this is challenging due to competing priorities, declining budgets, and cultural resistance.
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Hospitals that have successfully reduced HAIs have implemented quality improvement methods and shown institutional will.
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An estimated 65-70% of CABSI and CAUTI, 55% of VAP, and 55% of SSI cases may be preventable with current evidence-based strategies.
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The distribution of quality healthcare is a concern for equity, with socioeconomic status, race and ethnicity, and geographic location historically associated with poorer access and quality.
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Prior to the Affordable Care Act, lower-income individuals, racial and ethnic minorities, and those living in rural areas or inner cities were disproportionately affected by inequities in healthcare access and quality.
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Disparities in healthcare quality were observed, including fewer preventive services for people with lower socioeconomic status.
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New technologies and clinical breakthroughs will improve infection control guidelines and increase the proportion of HAIs that are considered preventable.
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CDC provides training and resources to help hospitals implement infection control practices.
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The Affordable Care Act aims to address equity in healthcare by expanding access to care, improving coverage, and improving the quality of care for all Americans.
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Health IT adoption is widespread, but access to electronic health data is not always productive for patients, providers, and payers.
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Patients face challenges in accessing their own health information, limiting their ability to manage their health and compare prices of medical services.
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Health care providers often lack access to patient data at the point of care, hindering effective care coordination.
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Payers lack computational visibility into their members' health data, making it difficult to assess the value of the services they purchase.
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Lack of data standardization and consent rules hinder the sharing of medical data across providers and systems.
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In order to advance healthcare through modern computing tools, patients need easy and secure access to their medical data through devices like smartphones.
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Payers need access to multiple health records to effectively represent their members and make data-driven decisions.
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Interoperability barriers, including technical, financial, trust, and business practice barriers, hinder the exchange of health information across the care continuum.
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The ONC plans to address these barriers by providing certified health IT upgrades, developing new capabilities, encouraging data sharing, and reducing administrative burden.
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Open APIs are a proposed solution for improving access and exchange of health information through devices and enabling payers to access information without having to access one record at a time.
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The National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) is an example of a data sharing platform developed by the CDC to promote patient safety and support local efforts to prevent adverse events by creating a common interface for data exchange and integration.
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Description
Test your knowledge on healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and their impact on patient care. Learn about the causes, prevention, and management of these infections acquired in healthcare facilities.