Healthcare and Sterilization Practices Quiz

The dose of a substance that is lethal to 50% of the test population.

The proportion of susceptible individuals who develop the disease after contact with an infected individual.

The ability of a pathogen to cause disease in a susceptible host.

The ability of a pathogen to spread from one individual to another.

A carrier that transmits a pathogen from one host to another.

A disease that occurs occasionally at unpredictable times and locations.

A disease that is constantly present in a population at a stable level.

A sudden increase in the incidence of a disease in a population.

Factors influencing pressure steam sterilization include pressure, humidity, temperature, and time.

Millipore cellulose filtration removes particles down to 0.22 µm, but it does not always stop viruses.

The Bowie-Dick test evaluates the effectiveness of air removal and steam penetration in a sterilization chamber.

Alcohols effectively kill Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but not necessarily spores.

The penitentiary doctor can intervene if a convict's health status or therapeutic needs are incompatible with prison confinement.

The proportion of deaths from a specific cause (pancreatic cancer) relative to the total deaths from all tumors.

The expected number of people affected by a disease in a given population based on its incidence and survival rate.

Exposure odds for healthy individuals (those not exposed to the disease) is calculated by dividing the number of unexposed healthy individuals (b) by the number of exposed healthy individuals (d).

A type of study where researchers observe existing groups or populations to identify patterns and associations between factors and outcomes without manipulating any variables. Unlike randomized controlled trials (RCTs), they don't provide the same level of evidence for cause-and-effect relationships because they rely on collected data from the past.

A clinical criterion used to diagnose cerebral death, characterized by the irreversible cessation of all brain functions, encompassing both the higher brain (consciousness) and the brainstem, leading to a complete absence of brain activity.

A spectrum of preventative measures against the spread of HIV/AIDS, including educating healthcare professionals and young individuals about the disease, its transmission, and prevention methods. While a vaccine is an important goal, it currently remains unavailable for complete protection against HIV.

A complex syndrome caused by prolonged and unresolved work-related stress. It develops through stages characterized by initial enthusiasm, followed by an adjustment crisis, and ultimately leading to maladjustment. Symptoms can include exhaustion, cynicism, and a sense of reduced accomplishment.

The act of killing an infant, typically committed by a parent or caregiver. This can be committed by the mother, father, or other caregivers like grandparents.

A set of key characteristics that make a screening test effective, including the potential for early intervention, affordability, and a high sensitivity for accurately identifying individuals with the disease.

A criterion for evaluating a causal link between an injury and a subsequent disease or condition. It involves assessing the consistency between the location of the lesion or damage caused by the injury and the anatomical area where the disease developed. This helps determine if the injury could have reasonably led to the disease.

The HPV vaccine is recommended for individuals aged 12 years and older, including both males and females. It is considered a crucial public health measure aimed at protecting against HPV-related cancers.

The death of a fetus after 28 weeks of gestation or the death of a newborn within the first week of life.

The number of deaths in a population per 1,000 individuals.

The death of a live-born infant between 7 and 28 days of age.

The proportion of individuals with a specific disease who die from that disease.

The average duration of a disease, calculated by dividing the prevalence by the incidence.

A criterion for screening programs stating that a disease should have a readily identifiable latent or preclinical stage.

A measure of the oxygen required to biologically degrade organic matter in water.

A measure of the total oxygen required to chemically oxidize all organic and inorganic compounds in water.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are independent, non-profit organizations that operate outside of government authority. They are often involved in humanitarian aid, development, and advocacy work.

Mass screenings are widespread tests for specific conditions aiming to detect early disease stages. They're considered effective if they improve health outcomes.

Evidence-based medicine prioritizes using the highest quality scientific evidence, alongside clinical expertise and patients' values, to make informed decisions about healthcare.

Epidemic curves help visualize how a disease spreads over time. This allows researchers to assess how many people are affected, understand the severity of the disease, and potentially identify the source of an outbreak.

Risk factors for skin tumors include prolonged exposure to UV light, contact with arsenic compounds, leather dust, and polycyclic hydrocarbons.

Scarlet fever prevention involves notifying health authorities about new cases and isolating affected individuals for seven days to prevent further spread.

Rubella (German Measles) prevention in Italy includes notifying authorities about new cases, but isolation is not mandated.

Domestic accidents in Italy are a significant health concern. Approximately 3 million occur each year, resulting in 1.5 million ER visits, 250,000 hospitalizations, and sadly, 4,000 deaths.

A continuous, systematic process of gathering, analyzing, and interpreting health data for planning, implementing, and evaluating public health practices.

A measure that isolates healthy individuals who have been exposed to a contagious disease to prevent further spread.

A measure that isolates sick individuals to prevent the spread of a contagious disease.

A method used to kill microorganisms on inanimate objects, like surfaces or instruments.

The use of antiseptics to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms on living tissue, like skin or wounds.

A specific mortality rate measures the death rate from a particular disease within a specific population.

A measure that combines the number of existing cases at a specific point in time (punctual prevalence) with the number of new cases that occur during a defined period (incidence) to determine the overall prevalence of a disease.

Preventive actions that not only improve health but also save money in the long run by reducing healthcare costs associated with treating the preventable diseases.