Healthcare and Sterilization Practices Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the factors that affect pressure sterilisation with vapour?

  • Pressure, humidity, temperature, and time (correct)
  • Pressure, humidity, and temperature
  • Pressure, humidity, temperature, and volume
  • Pressure, humidity, time, and load

    • Which statement about sterilisation methods is incorrect?

  • UV radiation is non-penetrant and its effect is limited to the surface.
  • Millipore cellulose filtration has a threshold of 0.22µm.
  • Filtration effectively stops bacteria and viruses. (correct)
  • Ionising radiations are used for food sterilisation.
  • Ionising radiations are used for sterilising plastic instruments.

    • What does the Bowie–Dick test evaluate?

  • Whether the desired temperature has been reached.
  • Vapour penetration into the sterilised material. (correct)
  • Inactivation of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores.
  • Effectiveness of air removal from the chamber. (correct)
  • Whether there is excessive humidity present.

    • Which microorganisms are effectively killed by alcohols?

    <p>Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and spores. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situations can a penitentiary doctor deem an inmate unfit for jail?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mortality rate is calculated by dividing the number of deaths from pancreatic cancer by the total number of deaths from all tumours?

    <p>Proportional mortality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Given a melanoma incidence of 20 cases per 100,000 people per year and a 5-year survival rate, how many people out of 1,000 would be expected to be affected by melanoma?

    <p>1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating exposure odds for healthy individuals in a case-control study?

    <p>b / d (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organizations is NOT considered a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)?

    <p>Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these screening tests is NOT considered to be of proven effectiveness for its respective disease?

    <p>None of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT considered a component of evidence-based medicine?

    <p>Cost-effectiveness analysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epidemic curves are primarily used to assess which of the following?

    <p>Magnitude of the outcome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a risk factor for skin tumors?

    <p>Exposure to formaldehyde (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective prevention measure for scarlet fever?

    <p>Antibiotic prophylaxis for close contacts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors is NOT a determinant of food safety?

    <p>Antibiotic usage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective way to prevent the spread of pediculosis?

    <p>Avoiding head-to-head contact and sharing combs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended prophylaxis for close contacts of a patient with Hepatitis B?

    <p>Vaccination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the definition of containment, as it relates to public health?

    <p>A measure taken to prevent the spread of a contagious disease by isolating infected individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a specific mortality rate?

    <p>Number of deaths from uterine tumors divided by the number of women in the population. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most likely causal factor in a disease?

    <p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a correct statement about disinfection?

    <p>Disinfection is the process of reducing the number of microorganisms on an object or surface to a safe level. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between quarantine and containment, as it relates to public health?

    <p>Quarantine is used for people who have been exposed to a disease but are not yet showing symptoms, while containment is used for people who are sick with the disease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is incorrect about disease regression?

    <p>A functional immune system is necessary for disease regression. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statements are correct?

    <p>Secondary attack rate is equal to: (secondary cases)/(susceptible + primary cases). (C), Contagiousness is the ability of a pathogen to go from one subject to another (@)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the incorrect vector-disease pair from the options below.

    <p>Bilharziasis — Phlebotomus spp. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infectious disease definition is accurate?

    <p>Epidemic: sudden increase of disease incidence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding disease reservoirs is correct?

    <p>Brucellosis has man as the primary reservoir. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the incorrect statement regarding the effects of Staph toxin.

    <p>Salting alone is sufficient to destroy salmonella. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intervention is required at what concentration of legionella in water?

    <p>100 CFU/L. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which handwashing technique is most effective for eliminating transient flora?

    <p>Surgical handwashing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the wrong statement regarding scabies prophylaxis.

    <p>No measures need to be taken for cohabitants and contacts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines civil invalidity for individuals over 18 years old?

    <p>Loss of working ability &gt;66% (A), Loss of working potential &gt;33% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating perinatal mortality rate?

    <p>(Stillbirths + deaths in first week of life) / (live births + stillbirths) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the raw mortality rate calculated?

    <p>Total deaths / total population (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as late neonatal mortality?

    <p>Death after 7 days until before 28 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a criterion from the Wilson and Junger criteria for screening?

    <p>Availability of a vaccine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding BOD and COD?

    <p>BOD is proportional to organic substance quantity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates excessive water hardness?

    <p>Water with &gt;15 French degrees (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances are categorized as corrosive?

    <p>Substances that cause corrosion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the drawbacks of observational studies compared to randomized controlled trials?

    <p>They provide a lower level of evidence. (A), They are more susceptible to bias. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic differentiating the Italian legal definition of cerebral death from the Harvard criteria?

    <p>The Italian definition focuses on the cessation of all brain functions, including the brainstem. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common AIDS prevention measure?

    <p>Universal vaccination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspects are considered to be key elements of the definition of burnout?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who can be considered a perpetrator of infanticide?

    <p>Any individual who commits the act of killing a child can be considered a perpetrator of infanticide. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the crucial features of a screening test?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the topographic criterion for evaluating a causal link encompass?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the PNPV 2017–19 plan, who is recommended to receive the HPV vaccine?

    <p>All males and females aged 12 years. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ratio Definition

    • Ratio can be defined as: (N/P) × K

    Screening Indicators

    • Sensitivity
    • Specificity
    • Relative risk
    • Positive predictive value
    • Negative predictive value

    Alma Ata Date

    • 6–12 September 1978

    Nitrate Indicators

    • Possible industrial pollution
    • Possible sewage pollution

    Drinking Water Wrong Statement

    • Total coliforms up to 5CFU/dL
    • Faecal coliforms up to 5CFU/dL
    • Absent faecal streptococci

    Wastewater Classification

    • Classified as intermediate is pH 6.9–7.5
    • Strong if 7.5–8.0
    • Intermediate if BOD (biochemical oxygen demand)/mL >300
    • Strong if COD (chemical oxygen demand)/mL 600–1,000
    • Strong if COD/mL 400–600
    • pH 6.9-7.5 (intermediate)
    • pH 7.5-8.0 (strong)
    • BOD/mL 100-200 to 200-300 to >300
    • COD/mL 165-400 to 400-600 to 600-1,000
    • Sediment (mg/L) 150 to 200-300 to >300 to 500 to 300

    Air Effects - Wrong Definition

    • III-degree frostbite: tissue alterations with necrosis
    • Heatstroke: organism cannot give away heat due to elevated T and humidity
    • I-degree frostbite: ischaemia followed by vasodilation and hyperaemia
    • Heatstroke: organism cannot give away heat due to elevated T and humidity and null wind speed

    Dangerous Waste Contains

    • Substances toxic for reproduction >0.5%
    • Carcinogenic substances >0.1%
    • Flash point <15°C
    • One or more noxious substances >25%

    Particulate Matter

    • Particulate matter 0.01–400µm
    • Aerosol is only solid
    • Smog

    Infection and Diseases Definitions

    • Reservoir
    • Carrier
    • Source
    • Healthy carrier
    • Chronic carrier

    LD50 and Attack Rate

    • LD50 is the minimal lethal dose
    • Secondary attack rate = (secondary cases)/(susceptible – primary cases)
    • Attack rate = (secondary cases)/(susceptible – primary cases)
    • Virulence does not depend on host
    • Contagiousness is the ability of a pathogen to go from one subject to another

    Vectors Wrong Answer

    • Bilharziasis - Glossina palpalis
    • Leishmaniasis - Phlebotomus spp.
    • Trypanosomiasis - Glossina palpalis
    • Yellow fever - Aedes aegypti
    • Malaria - Anopheles

    Infectious Disease in Community

    • Sporadic - occasional appearance at high time and distance intervals
    • Endemic - stably present with constant incidence in a population
    • Absence - disease never appeared or disappeared for a long time
    • Epidemic - sudden increase of disease incidence

    Human Reservoir Diseases

    • Typhus
    • Shigellosis
    • Syphilis
    • TBC
    • Brucellosis

    Statement

    • Staph toxin is heat-resistant
    • Salmonella on foods is destroyed by cooking, boiling, pasteurising
    • Salting and sausage making are sufficient to destroy salmonella
    • HAV transmission is oro-faecal
    • Staph toxin does not alter organoleptic characteristics
    • Mercury: nephrotoxic
    • Cadmium: nephrotoxic
    • Lead: nephrotoxic
    • Intervention is required if legionella is found in water at 100 CFU/L
    • Elimination of transient flora and reduction of resident flora is obtained via surgical handwashing
    • In TBC, chemoprophylaxis is performed on skin-negative close contacts with high risk of disease development, and tuberculin tests and XR are done in positive case.
    • Scabies prophylaxis includes destroying mites and eggs, and washing sheets at 60°C.
    • Pressure sterilization depends on pressure, humidity, temperature, time, and load.
    • Ionising radiations are used in food and plastic instruments
    • Millipore cellulose filtration stops bacteria and viruses, and has a threshold of 0.22µm
    • UV is non-penetrant, its effect limited to the surface

    Bowie-Dick Test

    • Reached temperature
    • Air removal
    • Vapour penetration
    • Excess humidity
    • Bacillus stearothermophilus killing

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    PH&LM Questions PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on various healthcare practices, sterilization methods, and epidemiology concepts. This quiz addresses critical issues in medical science, including evaluation of sterilization effectiveness and factors influencing patient care decisions. Perfect for students and professionals in the healthcare sector.

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