Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the purpose of launching national health workforce accounts in November 2017?
What was the purpose of launching national health workforce accounts in November 2017?
How many Member States had nominated focal points for health workforce accounts as of January 2022?
How many Member States had nominated focal points for health workforce accounts as of January 2022?
What established inter-agency data exchange in 2019 aimed to improve?
What established inter-agency data exchange in 2019 aimed to improve?
What does the principle of universal health coverage emphasize beyond addressing shortages?
What does the principle of universal health coverage emphasize beyond addressing shortages?
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Which of the following is noted as a broader factor affecting health systems?
Which of the following is noted as a broader factor affecting health systems?
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What is one of the outcomes of task shifting in primary healthcare?
What is one of the outcomes of task shifting in primary healthcare?
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What is essential for the successful implementation of task shifting?
What is essential for the successful implementation of task shifting?
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Which of the following factors contributes to healthcare workforce imbalances?
Which of the following factors contributes to healthcare workforce imbalances?
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Which healthcare professionals have taken on additional roles due to task shifting?
Which healthcare professionals have taken on additional roles due to task shifting?
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What is a suggested method to attract and retain healthcare workers?
What is a suggested method to attract and retain healthcare workers?
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What is one important role of community health workers (CHWs)?
What is one important role of community health workers (CHWs)?
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What intervention is associated with higher rural retention of health workers?
What intervention is associated with higher rural retention of health workers?
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Which of the following is NOT a recommended intervention for retaining health workers?
Which of the following is NOT a recommended intervention for retaining health workers?
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What is considered an effective incentive for rural health workers in Zambia?
What is considered an effective incentive for rural health workers in Zambia?
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What kind of task shifting to nurses is mentioned to tackle healthcare worker shortages?
What kind of task shifting to nurses is mentioned to tackle healthcare worker shortages?
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What common technology is harnessed to improve health worker retention?
What common technology is harnessed to improve health worker retention?
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What has been found regarding pharmacist-led care for chronic diseases?
What has been found regarding pharmacist-led care for chronic diseases?
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What factor significantly contributes to better rural health workforce retention?
What factor significantly contributes to better rural health workforce retention?
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Which intervention focuses on the support and integration of community health workers?
Which intervention focuses on the support and integration of community health workers?
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What positive outcome is associated with task shifting in primary healthcare?
What positive outcome is associated with task shifting in primary healthcare?
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Which country has the highest percentage of registered antibiotics as non-essential?
Which country has the highest percentage of registered antibiotics as non-essential?
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What is a common challenge to the research and development of new antibiotics?
What is a common challenge to the research and development of new antibiotics?
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As of 2021, how many new antibiotics were approved in the EU?
As of 2021, how many new antibiotics were approved in the EU?
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What is a characteristic of the majority of new antibiotics approved recently in the EU?
What is a characteristic of the majority of new antibiotics approved recently in the EU?
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Which class of antimicrobials has the lowest percentage of non-essential products registered in Tanzania?
Which class of antimicrobials has the lowest percentage of non-essential products registered in Tanzania?
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Which of the following represents a push incentive for antibiotic innovation?
Which of the following represents a push incentive for antibiotic innovation?
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What percentage of registered antibiotics are categorized as non-essential in Uganda?
What percentage of registered antibiotics are categorized as non-essential in Uganda?
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What role do SMEs play in antibiotic research and development?
What role do SMEs play in antibiotic research and development?
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What percentage of local products in Kenya are EML-listed?
What percentage of local products in Kenya are EML-listed?
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Which country has the highest rate of under-registration of essential medicines?
Which country has the highest rate of under-registration of essential medicines?
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Which class of medicines had less than 50% of essential medicines registered in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda?
Which class of medicines had less than 50% of essential medicines registered in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda?
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What is a significant consequence of over-registration of non-essential medicines?
What is a significant consequence of over-registration of non-essential medicines?
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In Uganda, what percentage of local products are EML-listed?
In Uganda, what percentage of local products are EML-listed?
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What is a common characteristic of the registered medicines in Kenya's drug registers?
What is a common characteristic of the registered medicines in Kenya's drug registers?
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Which country has the lowest percentage of EML-listed local products?
Which country has the lowest percentage of EML-listed local products?
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What challenge is faced in the registration of essential medicines?
What challenge is faced in the registration of essential medicines?
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What is a common product type that is over-registered but not EML-listed in Kenya?
What is a common product type that is over-registered but not EML-listed in Kenya?
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Which medication class had the highest registration rates across the three countries?
Which medication class had the highest registration rates across the three countries?
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What is the projected global shortage of health workers in 2030 based on current trends?
What is the projected global shortage of health workers in 2030 based on current trends?
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Which of the following is NOT a reported consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers?
Which of the following is NOT a reported consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers?
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What is one of the key objectives of the Astana Declaration regarding primary health care?
What is one of the key objectives of the Astana Declaration regarding primary health care?
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What is identified as a deficiency in professional education for health workers?
What is identified as a deficiency in professional education for health workers?
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Which organization published the Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030 Report?
Which organization published the Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030 Report?
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What aspect of the health workforce has shown a persistent issue according to the content provided?
What aspect of the health workforce has shown a persistent issue according to the content provided?
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In the context of human resources for health, what should be created to effectively respond to people's health needs?
In the context of human resources for health, what should be created to effectively respond to people's health needs?
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What is one of the key focuses of priority setting mechanisms in public health systems?
What is one of the key focuses of priority setting mechanisms in public health systems?
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What is a common characteristic of the licensing processes for medications across countries?
What is a common characteristic of the licensing processes for medications across countries?
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Which of the following is NOT a phase of Randomized Control Trials (RCTs)?
Which of the following is NOT a phase of Randomized Control Trials (RCTs)?
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What was one of the primary impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers as reported in studies?
What was one of the primary impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers as reported in studies?
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Which of these is a component of the Astana Declaration's commitment to primary health care?
Which of these is a component of the Astana Declaration's commitment to primary health care?
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What was the overall estimate of health workers globally in 2020?
What was the overall estimate of health workers globally in 2020?
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What percentage increase in health workers from 2013 to 2020 is reported?
What percentage increase in health workers from 2013 to 2020 is reported?
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Flashcards
National Health Workforce Accounts
National Health Workforce Accounts
A system launched to strengthen national health planning and policy.
Inter-agency Data Exchange
Inter-agency Data Exchange
Collaboration between ILO, OECD, and WHO for health workforce data sharing.
Equity in Health Workforce
Equity in Health Workforce
Placing fairness and access at the center of health workforce planning.
Paradigm Shift in Health Coverage
Paradigm Shift in Health Coverage
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Noncommunicable Diseases Burden
Noncommunicable Diseases Burden
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Community Health Workers (CHWs)
Community Health Workers (CHWs)
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Retention Interventions
Retention Interventions
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Rural Health Retention
Rural Health Retention
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Task Shifting
Task Shifting
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Occupational Health and Safety
Occupational Health and Safety
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Continuing Education
Continuing Education
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Telemedicine
Telemedicine
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Return-of-Service (ROS)
Return-of-Service (ROS)
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Pharmacist Role Expansion
Pharmacist Role Expansion
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Effective Incentives
Effective Incentives
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Healthcare Worker Shortages
Healthcare Worker Shortages
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Primary Care (PHC)
Primary Care (PHC)
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Benefits of Task Shifting
Benefits of Task Shifting
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Importance of Training
Importance of Training
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Essential Medicines List (EML)
Essential Medicines List (EML)
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Over-registration
Over-registration
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Under-registration
Under-registration
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Local production of medicines
Local production of medicines
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Drug registers
Drug registers
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Non-communicable diseases
Non-communicable diseases
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Irrational prescribing
Irrational prescribing
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Market failure in healthcare
Market failure in healthcare
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Health system pressure
Health system pressure
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Environmental pollution from waste
Environmental pollution from waste
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Antimicrobial Classes
Antimicrobial Classes
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Antibiotic Registration in East Africa
Antibiotic Registration in East Africa
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Challenges in Antibiotic Innovation
Challenges in Antibiotic Innovation
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EU Antibiotics Approval (2017-2021)
EU Antibiotics Approval (2017-2021)
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Pharmaceutical Withdrawal
Pharmaceutical Withdrawal
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Push Incentives
Push Incentives
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Pull Incentives
Pull Incentives
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Non-essential Antimicrobials
Non-essential Antimicrobials
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Moral Distress
Moral Distress
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Burnout
Burnout
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Global Health Workforce
Global Health Workforce
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WHO Workforce 2030
WHO Workforce 2030
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Primary Health Care (PHC)
Primary Health Care (PHC)
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Astana Declaration
Astana Declaration
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Professional Education Deficiencies
Professional Education Deficiencies
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Randomised Control Trials
Randomised Control Trials
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Health Labour Market Analysis
Health Labour Market Analysis
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Healthcare Teamwork
Healthcare Teamwork
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National Drug Policies
National Drug Policies
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COVID-19 Impact on HCWs
COVID-19 Impact on HCWs
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Study Notes
Sustainable Health Economy: Module Recap
- The aim of a health system is to "improve health and health equity, in ways that are responsive, financially fair, and make the best, or most efficient, use of available resources."
- Sustainable health systems aim to minimize negative impacts on the environment, benefiting current and future generations.
- Limited resources and their allocation are crucial aspects of a health economy.
L1: Health Economy, Historical and Political Influences on Health Care Reform
- Health systems aim to improve health and health equity using available resources efficiently and fairly.
- Sustainable health systems minimize environmental harm over the long term.
- Limited resources need strategic allocation to maximize health outcomes.
L2: Economic Perspective, Perfect Markets, and Market Failure in Health Care
- Resource allocation and opportunity costs are central to economics.
- Efficiency (allocative and productive) and equity in resource allocation influence health care markets.
- Perfect markets theoretically lead to allocative efficiency, but they often fail in practice due to market failures like:
- Monopoly
- Information asymmetry
- Externalities
- Public goods
L3: Health Care as an Economic Good and Demand for Health Care
- Demand for health is "derived demand" – it depends on underlying health needs.
- Demand elasticities (price and income) affect consumer behavior in health care markets.
- Social determinants of health significantly influence demand.
- Information asymmetry between providers and patients affects pricing and service quality.
- Provider-induced demand occurs when providers influence patients’ demand for health care.
S2: Health Information Systems and S3: Measuring Health Need
- Data availability and quality are critical for informed health policy decisions and optimal resource allocation.
- Decision-makers need comprehensive data to identify health problems, make evidence-based decisions, and wisely allocate resources.
### L4: Public-Private Roles in Health Care
- Market structures (perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, monopoly) influence healthcare service provision.
- Economies of scale play a role in determining the cost-effectiveness of public and private healthcare services and models.
L5: Private Sector Involvement in Healthcare Delivery
- Decisions about whether to make or buy services have transaction costs that influence the choice between providing or buying-in services.
- Contracting out of services has the potential to increase efficiency and savings, but quality may be affected.
- An example of this is long-term care in the UK.
L6: Health Care Financing and Health Insurance
- Health financing systems include diverse models: tax-based, compulsory social health insurance, private voluntary insurance, and out-of-pocket payments.
- Most countries use a blend of approaches.
- Uncertainty is a feature of health care, and impacts on insurance models.
- Moral hazard, adverse selection, and cream-skimming are potential challenges in insurance systems.
L7: Mobilising Extra Resources: Donor Aid and Innovative Financing
- Strengthening health system funding can involve reducing debt, mobilizing extra resources, and prioritizing health spending.
- Increasing technical and allocative efficiency is important for optimal resource allocation in health.
L8: Externalities and Public Goods
- Externalities refer to the spillover effects of an economic activity on third parties (positive or negative).
- Positive externalities include vaccination effects (herd immunity), while negative externalities may include pollution and climate change.
- Public goods are non-rivalrous and non-excludable, like knowledge, policy, and herd immunity. This necessitates collective action.
L9: Setting Priorities and Defining Benefit Packages
- Priority setting involves identifying the most important health needs given available resources.
- Decision-making on health needs should involve all relevant stakeholders (e.g., patients, providers, policymakers).
- Cost-consequences evaluation is crucial for allocating resources effectively.
- Essential healthcare packages of interventions include measures to maximize benefits from spending in areas like life-saving interventions, treatments, and vaccinations etc.
L10: Prof. Hensher – Ecological Economics for a Post-Growth World
- Prof. Hensher's perspectives on ecological health economics address the impacts of overconsumption and the limitations of economic growth.
- Overconsumption of healthcare and its environmental impacts are a factor to consider.
- Planetary boundaries and ecological economics concepts are important considerations for healthcare's long term sustainability.
L11: Pharmaceutical Supply Chains and Emergencies
- Pharmaceutical supply chains are complex and vulnerable to external shocks (e.g., natural disasters, social unrest). This impacts the security and availability of essential medicines.
- Regulation of the pharmaceutical sector, including oversight of global supply chains is crucial. Supporting local and regional production of essential medicines is beneficial.
L12: Prof. Pollock – Prioritisation of Medicines and Essential Medicine Lists
- The interplay between trade and public health concerns impacts access to medicines.
- Essential Medicine Lists (EMLs) are used to prioritize medicines according to their importance in patient care, and considering the potential for failure of the market system in healthcare.
- Market failures including irrational prescribing, over-treatment, over-consumption, and under-provision of essential medicines are a factor in creating these lists
L13: Health Workforce
- The supply of health workers is influenced by incentives like remuneration, working conditions, training, and career development.
- Demand for workers relies on policy decisions about licensing, capacity of training institutions etc, and is also influenced by payers.
- Cost-effectiveness and efficiency are core considerations; healthcare professionals vary from primary care to specialist care roles.
L14, L15, L16, L17, etc. Modules
- The following modules delve further into health-related topics such as specific types of health worker shortages, retention methods, and global health economics. They cover complex areas requiring extensive content, and so are handled in a separate section for easier readability in study materials.
- The following content covers the short test and covers the core topic of health economics, with related modules encompassing different aspects of this field, including relevant resources, definitions, and further discussion questions.
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Description
This quiz explores key aspects of national health workforce accounts, initiated in November 2017. It covers Member States' participation, inter-agency data exchanges for health improvement, and the principles of universal health coverage. Test your knowledge on the broader factors affecting health systems.