Health Workforce Accounts Overview
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Questions and Answers

What was the purpose of launching national health workforce accounts in November 2017?

  • To focus solely on addressing shortages in the health workforce
  • To reduce the health workforce numbers in Member States
  • To increase international collaboration on health policies
  • To strengthen national and subnational policy and planning (correct)
  • How many Member States had nominated focal points for health workforce accounts as of January 2022?

  • 57
  • 0
  • 166 (correct)
  • 75
  • What established inter-agency data exchange in 2019 aimed to improve?

  • Limiting the number of health workers across countries
  • Health workforce assessment and information sharing (correct)
  • Incidental health data collection methods
  • Reduction of health workforce roles in member countries
  • What does the principle of universal health coverage emphasize beyond addressing shortages?

    <p>Quality, accessibility, acceptability, and productivity of the health workforce (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is noted as a broader factor affecting health systems?

    <p>The increasing burden of noncommunicable diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the outcomes of task shifting in primary healthcare?

    <p>Viable alternative for medical and surgical abortions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for the successful implementation of task shifting?

    <p>Enhancing healthcare worker competencies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to healthcare workforce imbalances?

    <p>Geographical maldistribution of healthcare workers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which healthcare professionals have taken on additional roles due to task shifting?

    <p>Midwives and community healthcare workers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a suggested method to attract and retain healthcare workers?

    <p>Carefully tailoring incentives for healthcare workers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one important role of community health workers (CHWs)?

    <p>Bridge communities and health services (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What intervention is associated with higher rural retention of health workers?

    <p>Providing training opportunities in rural areas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended intervention for retaining health workers?

    <p>High workload with little supervision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered an effective incentive for rural health workers in Zambia?

    <p>Salary top-up (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of task shifting to nurses is mentioned to tackle healthcare worker shortages?

    <p>Initiating and monitoring HIV/AIDS treatment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common technology is harnessed to improve health worker retention?

    <p>Telemedicine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has been found regarding pharmacist-led care for chronic diseases?

    <p>Weak evidence exists for its effectiveness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor significantly contributes to better rural health workforce retention?

    <p>Preferential selection of local students for training (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intervention focuses on the support and integration of community health workers?

    <p>Certification and embedding in health systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What positive outcome is associated with task shifting in primary healthcare?

    <p>Higher patient satisfaction scores (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country has the highest percentage of registered antibiotics as non-essential?

    <p>Kenya (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge to the research and development of new antibiotics?

    <p>Price competition and low volume sales (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As of 2021, how many new antibiotics were approved in the EU?

    <p>14 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the majority of new antibiotics approved recently in the EU?

    <p>Lack of innovative characteristics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antimicrobials has the lowest percentage of non-essential products registered in Tanzania?

    <p>Antivirals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a push incentive for antibiotic innovation?

    <p>Direct funding and grants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of registered antibiotics are categorized as non-essential in Uganda?

    <p>58% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do SMEs play in antibiotic research and development?

    <p>They often lack regulatory expertise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of local products in Kenya are EML-listed?

    <p>33% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country has the highest rate of under-registration of essential medicines?

    <p>Tanzania (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of medicines had less than 50% of essential medicines registered in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda?

    <p>Anaesthetics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of over-registration of non-essential medicines?

    <p>Market failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Uganda, what percentage of local products are EML-listed?

    <p>56% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of the registered medicines in Kenya's drug registers?

    <p>Most are non-communicable disease medicines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country has the lowest percentage of EML-listed local products?

    <p>Tanzania (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge is faced in the registration of essential medicines?

    <p>Limited focus on essential medicines by local producers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common product type that is over-registered but not EML-listed in Kenya?

    <p>Analgesics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication class had the highest registration rates across the three countries?

    <p>Analgesics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the projected global shortage of health workers in 2030 based on current trends?

    <p>10 million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reported consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers?

    <p>Reduced workloads (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key objectives of the Astana Declaration regarding primary health care?

    <p>Invest in the education and retention of the workforce (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is identified as a deficiency in professional education for health workers?

    <p>Mismatched competencies to patient needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization published the Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030 Report?

    <p>World Health Organization (WHO) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the health workforce has shown a persistent issue according to the content provided?

    <p>Gender stratification of professional status (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of human resources for health, what should be created to effectively respond to people's health needs?

    <p>Decent work and appropriate compensation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key focuses of priority setting mechanisms in public health systems?

    <p>Ensuring access to essential medicines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of the licensing processes for medications across countries?

    <p>Different regulatory authorities and systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a phase of Randomized Control Trials (RCTs)?

    <p>Phase 4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the primary impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers as reported in studies?

    <p>Increased risk of burnout and anxiety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a component of the Astana Declaration's commitment to primary health care?

    <p>Universal health coverage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the overall estimate of health workers globally in 2020?

    <p>65 million (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage increase in health workers from 2013 to 2020 is reported?

    <p>29% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    National Health Workforce Accounts

    A system launched to strengthen national health planning and policy.

    Inter-agency Data Exchange

    Collaboration between ILO, OECD, and WHO for health workforce data sharing.

    Equity in Health Workforce

    Placing fairness and access at the center of health workforce planning.

    Paradigm Shift in Health Coverage

    Changing perspective from workforce shortages to quality and accessibility.

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    Noncommunicable Diseases Burden

    Increasing health system challenges from chronic diseases and long-term care.

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    Community Health Workers (CHWs)

    Individuals who provide health education, manage illnesses, and connect communities to health services.

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    Retention Interventions

    Strategies to keep health workers motivated and in their positions.

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    Rural Health Retention

    Efforts to keep health workers in rural communities through targeted strategies.

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    Task Shifting

    Delegating tasks from higher to lower-level professionals to address workforce shortages.

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    Occupational Health and Safety

    Policies to ensure workers are protected from health risks in their jobs.

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    Continuing Education

    Professional development opportunities to enhance skills of health workers.

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    Telemedicine

    Use of technology to deliver health care remotely.

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    Return-of-Service (ROS)

    Requirement to work in a specific area in exchange for benefits like visa waivers.

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    Pharmacist Role Expansion

    Increasing responsibilities of pharmacists to include patient management.

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    Effective Incentives

    Strategies like salary top-ups to attract health workers to underserved areas.

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    Healthcare Worker Shortages

    Insufficient number of healthcare professionals to meet population needs, affecting care delivery.

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    Primary Care (PHC)

    Basic or general health care typically the first point of contact in the healthcare system.

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    Benefits of Task Shifting

    Can reduce unsafe abortions and improve management of conditions like hypertension.

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    Importance of Training

    Education and training are vital for healthcare workers to adopt new roles successfully.

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    Essential Medicines List (EML)

    A list promulgated by WHO of medicines deemed essential for a basic health care system.

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    Over-registration

    The registration of many non-essential medicines in drug listings.

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    Under-registration

    The failure to register essential medicines, limiting their availability.

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    Local production of medicines

    The manufacturing of medicines within a country, focused on locally needed health products.

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    Drug registers

    Official records listing all medicines that are approved for use in a country.

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    Non-communicable diseases

    Chronic health conditions not transmitted between persons, often treated with essential medicines.

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    Irrational prescribing

    Prescribing medications without clear indication or necessity, causing unnecessary consumption.

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    Market failure in healthcare

    A situation where the healthcare market does not meet the demand for essential medicines effectively.

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    Health system pressure

    Strain on healthcare systems caused by inefficient medicine registration and distribution.

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    Environmental pollution from waste

    Pollution resulting from overproduction and poor disposal of non-essential medicines.

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    Antimicrobial Classes

    Categories of antimicrobials include antibiotics, antivirals, antimalarials, and antifungals.

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    Antibiotic Registration in East Africa

    Antibiotics make up 70% of registered products in Kenya (1253), 55% in Tanzania (760), and 58% in Uganda (963).

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    Challenges in Antibiotic Innovation

    Challenges include market issues like low sales volume and price competition, and scientific complexities.

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    EU Antibiotics Approval (2017-2021)

    During this period, 14 new antibiotics were approved, but most lacked innovation.

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    Pharmaceutical Withdrawal

    Many large pharmaceutical companies have exited antibiotic development due to challenges.

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    Push Incentives

    Direct funding and grants aimed at boosting antibiotic research and development.

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    Pull Incentives

    Strategies that encourage antibiotic development by rewarding successful outcomes.

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    Non-essential Antimicrobials

    The percentage of antimicrobials that are not classified as essential in total registrations across East Africa.

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    Moral Distress

    Emotional suffering due to challenging ethical dilemmas.

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    Burnout

    A state of physical and emotional exhaustion in healthcare workers.

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    Global Health Workforce

    The collective number of people delivering health services worldwide.

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    WHO Workforce 2030

    A strategy for improving global health workforce by the year 2030.

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    Primary Health Care (PHC)

    Basic healthcare provided at the first point of contact.

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    Astana Declaration

    A commitment to enhance primary health care for universal health coverage.

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    Professional Education Deficiencies

    Lack of quality in health professional training programs.

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    Randomised Control Trials

    A study design to test the effectiveness of treatments in a controlled environment.

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    Health Labour Market Analysis

    Study of the dynamics affecting supply and demand for health workers.

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    Healthcare Teamwork

    Collaboration among health professionals to deliver better patient care.

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    National Drug Policies

    Frameworks defining how medications are managed in a country.

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    COVID-19 Impact on HCWs

    The pandemic's toll on healthcare workers, including stress and burnout.

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    Study Notes

    Sustainable Health Economy: Module Recap

    • The aim of a health system is to "improve health and health equity, in ways that are responsive, financially fair, and make the best, or most efficient, use of available resources."
    • Sustainable health systems aim to minimize negative impacts on the environment, benefiting current and future generations.
    • Limited resources and their allocation are crucial aspects of a health economy.

    L1: Health Economy, Historical and Political Influences on Health Care Reform

    • Health systems aim to improve health and health equity using available resources efficiently and fairly.
    • Sustainable health systems minimize environmental harm over the long term.
    • Limited resources need strategic allocation to maximize health outcomes.

    L2: Economic Perspective, Perfect Markets, and Market Failure in Health Care

    • Resource allocation and opportunity costs are central to economics.
    • Efficiency (allocative and productive) and equity in resource allocation influence health care markets.
    • Perfect markets theoretically lead to allocative efficiency, but they often fail in practice due to market failures like:
      • Monopoly
      • Information asymmetry
      • Externalities
      • Public goods

    L3: Health Care as an Economic Good and Demand for Health Care

    • Demand for health is "derived demand" – it depends on underlying health needs.
    • Demand elasticities (price and income) affect consumer behavior in health care markets.
    • Social determinants of health significantly influence demand.
    • Information asymmetry between providers and patients affects pricing and service quality.
    • Provider-induced demand occurs when providers influence patients’ demand for health care.

    S2: Health Information Systems and S3: Measuring Health Need

    • Data availability and quality are critical for informed health policy decisions and optimal resource allocation.
    • Decision-makers need comprehensive data to identify health problems, make evidence-based decisions, and wisely allocate resources.

    ### L4: Public-Private Roles in Health Care

    • Market structures (perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, monopoly) influence healthcare service provision.
    • Economies of scale play a role in determining the cost-effectiveness of public and private healthcare services and models.

    L5: Private Sector Involvement in Healthcare Delivery

    • Decisions about whether to make or buy services have transaction costs that influence the choice between providing or buying-in services.
    • Contracting out of services has the potential to increase efficiency and savings, but quality may be affected.
    • An example of this is long-term care in the UK.

    L6: Health Care Financing and Health Insurance

    • Health financing systems include diverse models: tax-based, compulsory social health insurance, private voluntary insurance, and out-of-pocket payments.
    • Most countries use a blend of approaches.
    • Uncertainty is a feature of health care, and impacts on insurance models.
    • Moral hazard, adverse selection, and cream-skimming are potential challenges in insurance systems.

    L7: Mobilising Extra Resources: Donor Aid and Innovative Financing

    • Strengthening health system funding can involve reducing debt, mobilizing extra resources, and prioritizing health spending.
    • Increasing technical and allocative efficiency is important for optimal resource allocation in health.

    L8: Externalities and Public Goods

    • Externalities refer to the spillover effects of an economic activity on third parties (positive or negative).
    • Positive externalities include vaccination effects (herd immunity), while negative externalities may include pollution and climate change.
    • Public goods are non-rivalrous and non-excludable, like knowledge, policy, and herd immunity. This necessitates collective action.

    L9: Setting Priorities and Defining Benefit Packages

    • Priority setting involves identifying the most important health needs given available resources.
    • Decision-making on health needs should involve all relevant stakeholders (e.g., patients, providers, policymakers).
    • Cost-consequences evaluation is crucial for allocating resources effectively.
    • Essential healthcare packages of interventions include measures to maximize benefits from spending in areas like life-saving interventions, treatments, and vaccinations etc.

    L10: Prof. Hensher – Ecological Economics for a Post-Growth World

    • Prof. Hensher's perspectives on ecological health economics address the impacts of overconsumption and the limitations of economic growth.
    • Overconsumption of healthcare and its environmental impacts are a factor to consider.
    • Planetary boundaries and ecological economics concepts are important considerations for healthcare's long term sustainability.

    L11: Pharmaceutical Supply Chains and Emergencies

    • Pharmaceutical supply chains are complex and vulnerable to external shocks (e.g., natural disasters, social unrest). This impacts the security and availability of essential medicines.
    • Regulation of the pharmaceutical sector, including oversight of global supply chains is crucial. Supporting local and regional production of essential medicines is beneficial.

    L12: Prof. Pollock – Prioritisation of Medicines and Essential Medicine Lists

    • The interplay between trade and public health concerns impacts access to medicines.
    • Essential Medicine Lists (EMLs) are used to prioritize medicines according to their importance in patient care, and considering the potential for failure of the market system in healthcare.
    • Market failures including irrational prescribing, over-treatment, over-consumption, and under-provision of essential medicines are a factor in creating these lists

    L13: Health Workforce

    • The supply of health workers is influenced by incentives like remuneration, working conditions, training, and career development.
    • Demand for workers relies on policy decisions about licensing, capacity of training institutions etc, and is also influenced by payers.
    • Cost-effectiveness and efficiency are core considerations; healthcare professionals vary from primary care to specialist care roles.

    L14, L15, L16, L17, etc. Modules

    • The following modules delve further into health-related topics such as specific types of health worker shortages, retention methods, and global health economics. They cover complex areas requiring extensive content, and so are handled in a separate section for easier readability in study materials.
    • The following content covers the short test and covers the core topic of health economics, with related modules encompassing different aspects of this field, including relevant resources, definitions, and further discussion questions.

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    Description

    This quiz explores key aspects of national health workforce accounts, initiated in November 2017. It covers Member States' participation, inter-agency data exchanges for health improvement, and the principles of universal health coverage. Test your knowledge on the broader factors affecting health systems.

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