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Questions and Answers
What is considered wellness?
What is considered wellness?
What does WHO define health as?
What does WHO define health as?
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease.
Which of the following is NOT one of the 8 considerations for general well-being?
Which of the following is NOT one of the 8 considerations for general well-being?
Health is seen as the freedom from & absence of ______.
Health is seen as the freedom from & absence of ______.
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Illness is viewed as a state of being relatively unhealthy in mind, body, or spirit.
Illness is viewed as a state of being relatively unhealthy in mind, body, or spirit.
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What is state of homeostasis?
What is state of homeostasis?
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Which of the following describes health promotion?
Which of the following describes health promotion?
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs emphasizes ______ as a basic human need.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs emphasizes ______ as a basic human need.
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What can affect overall well-being besides freedom from disease?
What can affect overall well-being besides freedom from disease?
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Which of the following activities would be classified as health promotion?
Which of the following activities would be classified as health promotion?
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Proteins should make up 10-35% of total calorie intake for a balanced diet.
Proteins should make up 10-35% of total calorie intake for a balanced diet.
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Name two sources of protein that are beneficial for muscle repair.
Name two sources of protein that are beneficial for muscle repair.
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_______ are broken down into sugars and can consist of simple carbohydrates such as fructose and sucrose.
_______ are broken down into sugars and can consist of simple carbohydrates such as fructose and sucrose.
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Match the following nutrients with their primary roles:
Match the following nutrients with their primary roles:
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What is the primary goal of the Healthy People Initiatives?
What is the primary goal of the Healthy People Initiatives?
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Modifiable risk factors are conditions that cannot be changed to lower disease risk.
Modifiable risk factors are conditions that cannot be changed to lower disease risk.
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What is a primary focus of public health policies?
What is a primary focus of public health policies?
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Healthy People 2030 is in its _____ edition.
Healthy People 2030 is in its _____ edition.
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Match the following factors to their categories:
Match the following factors to their categories:
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Which of the following best describes palliative care?
Which of the following best describes palliative care?
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Social determinants of health include factors such as genetics and lifestyle.
Social determinants of health include factors such as genetics and lifestyle.
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What does health education aim to improve?
What does health education aim to improve?
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Which of the following is NOT a primary level prevention strategy?
Which of the following is NOT a primary level prevention strategy?
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Tertiary prevention focuses on preventing disease or injury before it occurs.
Tertiary prevention focuses on preventing disease or injury before it occurs.
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What is the main goal of secondary prevention?
What is the main goal of secondary prevention?
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Primary prevention includes activities that aim to avoid ______.
Primary prevention includes activities that aim to avoid ______.
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Match the levels of prevention with their corresponding activities:
Match the levels of prevention with their corresponding activities:
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What is an example of tertiary prevention?
What is an example of tertiary prevention?
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Health wellness screenings are part of primary prevention strategies.
Health wellness screenings are part of primary prevention strategies.
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Which prevention level includes modifying unhealthy behaviors?
Which prevention level includes modifying unhealthy behaviors?
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Which of the following is a key aspect of Jean Watson's Theory of Caring?
Which of the following is a key aspect of Jean Watson's Theory of Caring?
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Pender’s Health Promotion Model does not consider individual characteristics and experiences as important.
Pender’s Health Promotion Model does not consider individual characteristics and experiences as important.
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Name one of the ten carative factors identified by Jean Watson.
Name one of the ten carative factors identified by Jean Watson.
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Jean Watson's theory suggests that a caring environment promotes the development of ______.
Jean Watson's theory suggests that a caring environment promotes the development of ______.
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Match the carative factors with their descriptions:
Match the carative factors with their descriptions:
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Which of the following accurately summarizes Pender’s Health Promotion Model?
Which of the following accurately summarizes Pender’s Health Promotion Model?
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According to Jean Watson’s Theory, caring is central to nursing practice.
According to Jean Watson’s Theory, caring is central to nursing practice.
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The process of ______ is emphasized in Pender’s Health Promotion Model for effective health behavior.
The process of ______ is emphasized in Pender’s Health Promotion Model for effective health behavior.
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What motion decreases the angle between bones?
What motion decreases the angle between bones?
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Pneumatic Compression Devices apply continuous pressure to the legs.
Pneumatic Compression Devices apply continuous pressure to the legs.
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What is the correct position for a patient when applying graduated compression stockings?
What is the correct position for a patient when applying graduated compression stockings?
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The action of moving a limb away from the baseline is known as __________.
The action of moving a limb away from the baseline is known as __________.
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Which of the following is NOT a type of joint motion described?
Which of the following is NOT a type of joint motion described?
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Graduated Compression Stockings must be changed every 12 hours.
Graduated Compression Stockings must be changed every 12 hours.
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What is the primary purpose of using pneumatic compression devices?
What is the primary purpose of using pneumatic compression devices?
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Study Notes
Health & Wellness Continuum
- Health and wellness are viewed as a spectrum, not an absolute state.
- Wellness is subjective and not simply the absence of disease.
- Illness represents a state of being relatively unhealthy in mind, body, or spirit.
- The Health Illness Continuum visualizes an individual's, family's, or community's levels of wellness or illness.
- It ranges from optimal wellness (maximum energy) to death (total energy depletion).
Definitions of Health & Cultural Aspects
- WHO Definition of Health: A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
- WHO Prerequisites for Health: Healthy access to food, clean water, safe housing, education, employment, and a stable social and political environment.
- Allender's Holistic Definition (2018): Health is a holistic state of wellbeing encompassing soundness of mind, body, and spirit.
- Cultural Perspectives on Health: In some cultures, health is seen as freedom from evil, while illness is perceived as punishment for wrongdoing. Religion, folklore, and superstitions can heavily influence these views.
- Alternative Definitions of Health: Good health is often described as the general condition of body or mind with a focus on soundness and vigor (Merriam-Webster).
State of Homeostasis
- Refers to the ability or tendency of a person, family, or community to maintain internal equilibrium (stability) by adjusting to the external environment.
8 Considerations for General Well-Being
- Physical: Physical activity, diet, sleep, and nutrition.
- Emotional: Effective coping mechanisms for life, and building satisfying relationships.
- Spiritual: Expanding one's sense of purpose and meaning in life.
- Social: Developing a sense of connection, belonging, and a support system.
- Environmental: Living in pleasant, stimulating environments that support well-being. (Ex: Access to green spaces, organic food, safe neighborhoods can positively impact well-being, while negative environments can increase stress.)
- Financial: Satisfaction with current and future financial situations, including the ability to afford healthy foods and health insurance.
- Occupational: Personal fulfillment and enrichment derived from work.
- Intellectual: Recognizing creative abilities and expanding knowledge and skills.
State of Well-Being vs. Freedom from Disease
- Well-being is a satisfactory condition of existence characterized by health, happiness, and prosperity while encompassing all aspects of life. Homeostasis is being maintained.
- You can possess physical health and freedom from diseases without having all types of health (i.e. financial, occupational, social) that contribute to your overall well-being.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs
- Maslow's Hierarchy outlines five levels of human needs, starting with basic physiological needs and culminating in self-actualization.
- Example: Assisting a postoperative client with ambulation addresses the client's need for safety and security, one of the crucial lower-level needs in Maslow's hierarchy.
Health Promotion & Disease Prevention
- Health Promotion: The process of empowering individuals to increase control over and improve their health. This goes beyond individual behavior change and addresses social and environmental interventions.
- Disease Prevention: Proactive measures aimed at reducing the burden of disease and associated factors to improve overall health.
Interventions
- Pharmaceutical interventions can be utilized to treat a wide range of health conditions. This includes medications that treat pain, infections, and chronic diseases.
- Assistive devices can help individuals with disabilities to perform daily tasks and improve their quality of life. Examples of assistive devices include wheelchairs, walkers, and hearing aids.
- Rehabilitation services aim to help individuals recover from injury, illness, or surgery. These services may include physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy.
- Palliative care and hospice are specialized types of care that focus on providing comfort and support to individuals with serious illnesses.
- Smoking cessation programs can support people in breaking their tobacco habit and reducing their risk of tobacco-related diseases.
Healthy People Initiatives
- Healthy People is a set of national health goals developed every 10 years. The initiative aims to improve the health of all Americans.
- The original focus of Healthy People was on reducing preventable death and injury.
- The current edition, Healthy People 2030, is the fifth.
Public Health Policies
- Public health policies aim to improve the health of a nation through health promotion and disease prevention programs.
- Public health policies are influenced by three variables:
- Institutions - organizations and agencies responsible for implementing public health programs.
- Interests - the goals and priorities of individuals and groups who are affected by health policies.
- Ideas - the beliefs and values that shape the way people think about health and illness.
Health Education
- Health education is designed to improve individual and community health through increased knowledge and behavior change.
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Strategies for health education include:
- Notifying individuals or groups of their risk factors for certain health conditions.
- Communicating the benefits of healthy behaviors.
- Identifying behaviors that need to be changed.
- Providing tools for behavior change.
Factors Influencing Personal Health
- Genetics influences an individuals susceptibility to certain health conditions.
- Socioeconomic status can have a significant impact on health, with lower socioeconomic status often linked to poorer health outcomes.
- Age and sex both influence health and disease patterns.
- Ethnicity and culture can shape health beliefs and practices.
- Family health history can provide insight into an individual's risk for certain health conditions.
- Lifestyle choices such as diet, exercise, and smoking habits can significantly impact health.
- Social Determinants of Health encompass factors like environmental and physical influences, access to medical care, and social factors that can contribute to health disparities.
Risk Factors
- Modifiable Risk Factors are behaviors and exposures that can be changed to reduce the risk of developing a disease.
- Nonmodifiable Risk Factors are conditions that cannot be changed, such as genetics, age, and family health history.
Culture
- Culture is a shared group of ideas and behaviors within a society.
Levels of Prevention
- Primary Prevention aims to prevent disease or injury before it even occurs. Examples include immunizations, seatbelt laws, health education, and smoking cessation programs.
- Secondary Prevention focuses on early detection and treatment of existing health problems to reduce their progression and impact. Examples include mammography, Pap smears, and colonoscopies.
- Tertiary Prevention involves reversing, minimizing, or delaying the effects of a disease or disability. This level of prevention aims to manage the consequences of illness and prevent further deterioration.
Jean Watson's Theory of Caring
- Jean Watson's Theory of Caring emphasizes the importance of caring as a core aspect of nursing practice.
- Caring can be demonstrated and practiced.
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The theory identifies 10 Carative Factors that guide caring interactions between nurses and patients:
- Forming humanistic-altruistic value system.
- Instilling faith-hope.
- Cultivating sensitivity to self and others.
- Developing helping-trust relationships.
- Promoting expression of feelings.
- Using problem-solving for decision making.
- Promoting teaching-learning.
- Promoting a supportive environment.
- Assisting with gratification of human needs.
- Allowing for existential-phenomenological forces.
Pender's Health Promotion Model
- Pender's Health Promotion Model focuses on factors that influence individuals' health-promoting behaviors.
- The model considers:
- Individual characteristics and experiences.
- Behavior-specific cognitions and affect.
- Behavioral outcomes.
- It aims to explain proactive behavior and highlights cognitive processes, such as perception of health status and benefits and barriers to healthy behaviors.
Orem's Self-Care Theory
- Orem's Self-Care Theory emphasizes individuals' ability to care for themselves and their responsibility for their own health.
- Nursing care is required when individuals are incapable or limited in providing effective self-care.
Nutritional Care
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Six classes of nutrients are essential for human health:
- Carbohydrates: Provide energy for the body, can be simple or complex.
- Proteins: Provide amino acids for muscle repair and growth.
- Fats: Provide energy, support hormone production, and insulate organs.
- Vitamins: Essential for various bodily functions, including immune system health and energy production.
- Minerals: Essential for bone health, fluid balance, and nerve function.
- Water: Crucial for hydration, nutrient transport, and temperature regulation.
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Factors affecting food habits:
- Culture: Shapes food preferences and dietary practices.
- Personal Preferences: Individual taste and food choices.
- Socioeconomic Status: Access to food and affordability.
- Religion: May restrict certain types of food consumption.
- Health Beliefs: Influences food choices based on perceived health benefits or risks.
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Risk factors for poor nutrition:
- Low Income: Limited access to nutritious foods.
- Lack of Education: Limited knowledge about healthy eating.
- Food Insecurity: Insufficient access to adequate food supply.
- Chronic Illness: May require dietary modifications.
- Substance Abuse: Can interfere with nutrient intake and absorption.
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Components of Nutritional Assessment:
- Dietary history: Review of typical food intake.
- Physical examination: Examination of physical signs related to malnutrition.
- Biochemical tests: Blood and urine tests to evaluate nutrient levels.
- Anthropometric measurements: Height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) to assess nutritional status.
Mobility
- Gait Belts are used to assist clients with ambulation, providing a secure grip.
- Mechanical Lifts are essential for transferring clients who need maximum assistance, reducing the risk of injury to both the client and caregiver.
- Graduated Compression Stockings are used to prevent blood clots and promote blood flow in the legs.
- Pneumatic Compression Devices (PCDs) are used to enhance blood flow and venous return, preventing blood clots through intermittent compression.
Joint Movements
- Flexion: Bending a joint, reducing the angle between bones.
- Extension: Straightening a joint, increasing the angle between bones.
- Abduction: Moving a limb away from the midline of the body.
- Adduction: Moving a limb towards the midline of the body.
- Pronation: Rotating the palm of the hand to face downward.
- Supination: Rotating the palm of the hand to face upward.
- Circumduction: Moving a limb in a circular motion.
- Rotation: Moving a limb around a central axis.
- Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot inward.
- Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot outward.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Health & Wellness Continuum, including definitions of health and cultural aspects. Explore how wellness is perceived on a spectrum and the implications of various health definitions. This quiz will enhance your understanding of holistic health and well-being.
