Health Systems Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of all organizations, institutions, resources, and people, according to the World Health Report?

To improve health

Which of the following are key components of the health system?

  • Healthcare providers (correct)
  • Health financing bodies (correct)
  • Pharmaceutical companies (correct)
  • Ministries of health (correct)
  • Health service provision (correct)
  • Governance (correct)
  • Resource management and financing (correct)
  • Community (correct)
  • Other related organizations (correct)

    • What are the three main goals identified by the World Health Organization for a health system?

  • Improving the health of populations (correct)
  • Addressing health disparities
  • Encouraging community engagement
  • Improving the responsiveness of the health system (correct)
  • Providing Fair Health Financing (correct)
  • Ensuring access to quality healthcare
  • Promoting health equity

    • What are the four vital health system functions?

    <p>Health service provision, health service inputs, stewardship, and health financing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Health service provision only includes clinical services.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three examples of primary measures in health service provision?

    <p>Smoking ban, vaccines, and healthy lifestyle campaigns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three examples of secondary measures in health service provision?

    <p>Blood tests, early screening/detection, and preventative medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the resources necessary for service delivery in health service input?

    <p>Medications, medical staff, and equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does stewardship refer to?

    <p>The government's oversight of the health system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key responsibilities of stewardship?

    <p>Providing guidance and structure (A), Coordinating with related systems (B), Ensuring data-driven decision-making (C), Setting health priorities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the core of the stewardship function?

    <p>Identifying health priorities for allocation of public resources, identifying an institutional framework, coordinating activities with other systems related to external health care, analyzing health priorities and resource generation trends and their implications, and generating appropriate data for effective decision-making and policymaking on health matters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the methods included in revenue collection for health financing?

    <p>Taxation, payroll contributions, out-of-pocket expenditures, and donor financing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is risk pooling in health financing?

    <p>Spreading financial risks across the population to ensure health services are accessible to all, particularly those facing financial hardship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two models mentioned for risk pooling?

    <p>Bismarck and Beveridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is strategic purchasing in health financing?

    <p>Efficient use of pooled funds to finance healthcare services and incentivize providers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks of the health system?

    <p>Health workforce (A), Leadership/governance (B), Service delivery (C), Health care financing (D), Information and research (E), Medical products, technologies (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a goal of a health system?

    <p>Increased profits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key aspects of service delivery in a health system?

    <p>Cost-effective services (A), Personal and non-personal services (B), Quality services (C), Efficient and responsive services (D), Timely services (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of a competent health workforce?

    <p>Sufficient, competent, and fairly distributed staff to ensure efficiency and responsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Health information systems are not necessary for informed decision-making in the health system.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of health products, vaccines, and technologies in a health system?

    <p>Ensuring accessibility of high-quality products through managed supply chains and education on proper usage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Health financing aims to ensure access to healthcare without any financial barriers.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key aspects of leadership and governance?

    <p>Effective oversight and regulation, ensuring accountability and proper system design.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of the health system under the Local Government Code?

    <p>Health services managed by local governments (LGUs), which comprise provincial governments, city governments, municipal governments, and barangay governments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the main focuses of the health reform initiatives in the Philippines?

    <p>Health service delivery, health regulation, and health financing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of "All for Health Towards Health For All" for a Healthy Philippines by 2020?

    <p>To create a healthier Philippines by 2020</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The "Healthy Philippines by 2020" vision aims to achieve universal health care only through the health sector?

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three key guarantees under the "All for Health Towards Health For All" agenda?

    <p>Population- and individual-level interventions for all life stages, access to health interventions, financial freedom when accessing these interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key focus areas of the Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022?

    <p>Building a prosperous, predominantly middle-class society where no one is poor, promoting a long and healthy life, becoming smarter and more innovative, and building a high-trust society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Sustainable Development Goals 2030 are focused on achieving health goals only.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main aim of adopting the "matatag, maginhawa, at panatag na buhay" vision?

    <p>To create a secure, comfortable, and peaceful life for Filipinos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the benefits of the DOH Medical Scholarship?

    <p>Tuition fees, living allowance, lodging allowance, transportation allowance, book allowance, uniform allowance, miscellaneous allowance, and more.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Intended Learning Outcomes

    • Define health systems from international, national, and local perspectives
    • Identify health system goals and functions
    • Explain the relationship between system components and health outcomes
    • Understand the structure of the Philippine health system

    Health System

    • A health system combines resources, organizations, financing, and management for delivering health services to the population (Roemer, 1991).
    • Key components include: community, ministries of health, healthcare providers, pharmaceutical companies, health financing bodies, and other related organizations.
    • Each part plays a role in governance, health service provision, and resource management/financing.

    Well-Performing Health System

    • Provides health-improving activities
    • Promotes health equity
    • Includes personal healthcare, public health services, and intersectoral initiatives

    Goals and Functions of a Health System

    • The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies three main goals: improving the health of populations, improving the responsiveness of the health system, and providing fair health financing.
    • Overarching goal: Enhance health for all populations.
    • Address health disparities caused by factors like income, gender, and geography.
    • Aim for equity, minimizing disparities within and between countries.
    • Focus on providing quality, respectful, and timely health services.
    • Engage people as active partners in their care.
    • Ensure services meet both health and non-health needs, prioritizing patient autonomy and dignity.
    • Ensure equitable financing so people access care without financial hardship.
    • Avoid discouraging care-seeking due to high out-of-pocket costs.
    • Fair financing means equal income-percentage contribution for services.

    Four Vital Health System Functions

    • Health service provision: The visible product of the health system; includes public and private services, and both clinical and preventive measures to improve population health. Addresses various health needs from treatment to health promotion.
      • Primary measures: smoking bans, vaccines, healthy lifestyle campaigns
      • Secondary measures: blood tests, early screening/detection, preventative medication
      • Tertiary measures: disease management, support groups, rehabilitation programs
    • Health service inputs: Resources necessary for delivery; includes medications, medical staff, and equipment. Policymakers manage resources efficiently addressing short-term needs and ensuring long-term resource generation.
    • Stewardship: Government oversight of the health system. Key responsibilities include setting health priorities, coordinating activities, and ensuring data-driven decision-making, ensuring effective functioning through guidance and structure.
      • Core functions include identifying health priorities for allocation, establishing institutional frameworks, coordinating activities, analyzing priorities and resource generation trends, and generating data.
    • Health financing: Raising and pooling funds for services. Methods consist of taxation, payroll contributions, out-of-pocket expenditures, and donor financing. Risk pooling spreads financial risks across the population.
      • Risk Pooling: spreads financial risks across the population, especially for those with financial hardship.
        • Bismarck Model: Health insurance funded through payroll deductions (Germany, France).
        • Beveridge Model: Government-funded healthcare through taxes (UK, Cuba).
      • Strategic Sourcing: efficient use of pooled funds in financing healthcare and incentives for providers

    WHO Health System Framework

    • A framework linking system building blocks to goals and outcomes, including leadership/governance, health care financing, access/coverage, health workforce, medical products/technologies, information/research, service delivery, quality, safety, improved health (level and equity), responsiveness, financial risk protection, and improved efficiency.

    Health System Building Blocks

    • Service Delivery: Timely, quality, and cost-effective personal and non-personal health services
    • Health Workforce: Sufficient, competent, and fairly distributed staff
    • Health Information Systems: Reliable data for informed decision-making
    • Health Products, Vaccines, and Technologies: Accessible health products through proper supply chains and education
    • Health Financing: Sufficient funds ensuring access without financial barriers
    • Leadership and Governance: Effective oversight and regulation; ensuring accountability and proper system design

    The Philippine Health System

    • Health reform initiatives focus on health service delivery, health regulation, and health financing.
    • Aims to address poor accessibility, inequity, and inefficiency.
    • Key historical developments include the adoption of Primary Health Care Strategy (1979), reorganization of the Department of Health (DOH) (1982), the Generics Act (1988), the Local Government Code (1991), the National Health Insurance Act (1995), the Health Sector Reform Agenda (1999), FOURmula One (2005), the Universally Accessible Cheaper and Quality Medicines Act (2008), and Kalusugang Pangkalahatan (2010).
    • Philippine health system's structure includes the DOH, regional health offices, inter-local health zones, provincial offices, municipal health offices, city health offices, hospitals, centers, health stations, and barangay health stations.

    Leadership and Governance Overview

    • Mandate of the DOH: Provides direction for the health care industry.
    • DOH Responsibilities: Developing policies and programs, providing technical assistance, building capacity.
    • Collaboration with LGUs: Managing health services and resources within local government units (under the Local Government Code).
    • Governance: Structure with the arrangement of units from DOH regional office down through inter-local and local government units.
    • Pre-devolution structure: Centralized system with DOH managing three tiers (national, provincial, and district hospitals and barangay health centers).
    • Post-Devolution structure (LGC 1991): Shift towards cities/municipalities handling basic services, provinces managing district hospitals, and DOH overseeing tertiary facilities and re-nationalized provincial hospitals.

    Directions of the Philippine Health Sector

    • Slogan: "All for Health Towards Health For All" for a Healthy Philippines by 2020
    • Universal Health Care (UHC) expansion through a comprehensive approach.
    • Health System guarantees: Population- and individual-level interventions for all life stages which promote health, prevent disease/treat complications, provide rehabilitation, and palliation. Access to health interventions through functional networks. Financial freedom when accessing interventions through Universal Health Insurance.
    • The Philippine Development Plan (2017-2022), NEDA AmBisyon Natin 2040, and Sustainable Development Goals (2030) guide the development and future direction of the Philippine health sector.

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    Description

    This quiz examines health systems from international, national, and local perspectives. It covers the goals, functions, and key components of well-performing health systems, with a focus on the Philippines. Test your understanding of how these elements interact to improve health outcomes.

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