Health Systems and Public Health Quiz

NU LIPA Module 1: Introduction to Public Health, History, Health Delivery System, Economic and Political Impact

• The module covers introduction to public health, its history, health delivery system, and economic and political impact.
• The module is presented by John Lesther B. Panggat, MPHA, Camille Joy C. Caguicla-Mauhay, RMT, and Charmaine Gellieann R. Magsino, RMT.

Learning Objectives

• Students will define and discuss the differences between global health, public health (PH), and medical care.
• Students will describe the science and purpose of PH.
• Students will differentiate prevention and intervention in PH aspects.
• Students will describe the role of PH in controlling events caused by untoward events.

What is Health?

• Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. (WHO definition)

A Model of Health

• Exposure to risk factors can lead to poor health and ultimately, disease or death.
• Genetic vulnerability and body resistance affect health conditions.
• Poor health can lead to disease conditions and disability, or death.
• Disability is a possible outcome of disease conditions

Factors Influencing Health and Well-Being

• Genes and biology (10%)
• Physical environment (10%)
• Clinical care (10%)
• Health behaviors (30%)
• Social and economic factors (40%)

Public Health and Premature/Avoidable Deaths

• Many deaths are premature and avoidable.
• Public health is focused on preventing these premature and avoidable deaths.

What is Public Health?

• Public health is focused on groups of people, not individuals, to protect and preserve health.
• Understanding the health of a population and potential threats is fundamental.
• Preventing diseases and injuries through education, policy-making, and research is a primary function.

Comprehensive Definition of Public Health (Amory Winslow, 1920)

• Public health involves preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort.
• This includes sanitation of the environment, control of communicable disease, education in personal hygiene, and the development of social machinery to ensure healthy living conditions for everyone.

Public Health Specialist and Clinician

• Clinicians in the medical field treat individual patients.
• Public health specialists work with communities and populations to prevent diseases and disabilities.

Public Health Roles (Microbiologists, Behavioral Scientists, etc.)

• Microbiologists work to create vaccines against diseases.
• Behavioral scientists research ways to control risky behaviors like smoking.
• Environmental health scientists seek to identify dietary habits which could prevent cancer
• Health policy analysts evaluate healthcare programs and recommend changes.
• Epidemiologists study the trends related to health and illness.

Public Health

• Emphasis on population-based approach in health promotion and protection.
• Emphasizes collective responsibility for health and disease prevention.
• Recognizes the essential role of the state in addressing socioeconomic determinants of health.
• Emphasizes partnerships between stakeholders contributing to population health.

Public Health Model versus Medical Model

• Public Health Model: Focuses on populations and their environment
• Medical Model: Focuses on the individual patient

Core Functions of Public Health

Public Health Approach

• surveillance, risk factor identification, intervention evaluation, implementation.
• Surveillance is ongoing data collection and analysis.

Cholera—A Public Health Approach

• Cholera was a fatal intestinal disease during the 1800s.
• Believed to be caused by bad air from rotting organic matter.

John Snow, Physician

• A physician credited as the "father of modern epidemiology."
• Traced the source of the Cholera outbreak.

Epidemiology—What is the Problem?

• Maps showing cholera outbreak

Broad Street Pump

• A water pump linked to the outbreak of cholera.

Risk Factor Identification

• Maps showing a high cluster of cholera cases around the Broad Street pump location

Intervention Evaluation

• John Snow’s research convinced the British government that contaminated water from the Broad Street pump was the source of the Cholera outbreak.

Implementation

• The Broad Street pump was sealed.

History of Public Health

• Includes historical sanitation measures and practices.

Notable Public Health Events

• Greek/Roman civilizations used sanitation practices.
• Black Death: one-third of Europe's population died due to a bubonic plague.
• Small pox inoculation brought to Britain.
• Vaccination by Edward Jenner, discovery of Cowpox inoculation.
• Edwin Chadwick used data from 1838 and 1842 to study working class health condition.
• The 20th century saw an increase in average life span.
• New focus shifted towards chronic illness.

Shifting Focus of Public Health

• From focusing on epidemics from environmental/agent causes to preventative measures related to individual behaviors.

A Public Health Approach

• A systematic approach to assess health problems with systematic data collection, risk factor identification, intervention evaluation, and implementation.

Core Functions and Essential Services of Public Health

• Assessment: Systematic data collection, analysis, and distribution of data on healthy communities.
• Policy Development: Promotes using scientific information to make policies.
• Assurance: Ensuring provision of services to those in need.

10 Essential Services of Public Health

• Monitor health; diagnose and investigate; inform, educate & empower; mobilize community partnerships; develop policies; enforce laws; link to/provide care; assure a competent workforce; evaluate; research.

The Public Health System

• Public health encompasses all public, private, and voluntary entities contributing to health services within a jurisdiction.

Introduction to Public Health System

• A combination of resources, organizations, financing, and management for delivering health services.
• All activities aiming to promote, restore, and maintain health.

Main Goals of Health Systems

• Improve population health.
• Increase responsiveness to population health needs.
• Provide financial protection against health-related risks.

Health System Functions

• Service delivery: Direct provision of health services (preventive, curative, diagnostic).
• Health service inputs: Manufacturing, sales, and distribution of health products (facilities, drugs).
• Stewardship: Setting strategic health goals, overseeing resources, and generating data for policy-making.
• Health financing: Generating, pooling, and allocating resources (revenue collection, risk pooling).

Risk Pooling and Financing Models

• Bismarck Model: Insurance funded mainly from employees.
• Beveridge: Based on taxation for universal coverage.

Health Financing

• Purchasing and allocating resources to pay for health care.
• Addressing the needs of the target population.

Relationship between Functions and Objectives of a Health System

• Direct interaction of the elements of the Health System in delivering health services.

WHO Health Systems Framework

• Comprehensive framework for building health systems.

Determinants of Health

• Social and economic environment
• Physical environment
• Individual characteristics and behaviors

Frameworks of Health

• Dahlgren and Whitehead Framework: Conceptual framework showing the determinants of health. General socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions influence social and community networks, individual lifestyle factors which in turn affect health.

Socioeconomic and Political Context

• Addresses the influences of governance, social policies, economics, and societal values on health.

Notable Events in Public Health

• Edwin Chadwick's work in 1838 highlighted the importance of sanitation.
• John Snow traced the source of the cholera outbreak to a contaminated water pump.
• William Farr used statistical methods to study mortality and disease.
• Robert Koch's postulates linked microorganisms to specific diseases.
• Important events in the 20th century (influenza pandemic, antimicrobial discovery, the development of polio vaccines, and the establishment of the Epidemic Intelligence Service).

Public Health and Economic Impact

• Public health measures can have short-term and long-term economic effects (restrictions, costs, changes in market).
• Calculating costs of health measures is easier than that of the benefits; risks are hard to quantify impacting the balancing approach.
• Moral and religious beliefs sometimes interfere with health policies.

Political Interference with Science

• Scientific integrity is often undermined by political, ideological, and economic interests.

Test your knowledge on various health insurance models and the fundamental aspects of public health. This quiz covers the Bismarck and Beveridge systems, determinants of health, and key public health functions. Dive into critical concepts that shape effective health services and understand the roles they play in improving community health.