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Questions and Answers
According to Heinrich's Domino Theory, what percentage of accidents are caused by unsafe conditions?
According to Heinrich's Domino Theory, what percentage of accidents are caused by unsafe conditions?
What is the ratio of incidents with no injuries to incidents with lost-time injuries according to Heinrich's observations?
What is the ratio of incidents with no injuries to incidents with lost-time injuries according to Heinrich's observations?
Which of the following is NOT considered an unsafe condition according to the provided text?
Which of the following is NOT considered an unsafe condition according to the provided text?
According to Heinrich's Domino Theory, what is the central factor that contributes to accidents and injuries?
According to Heinrich's Domino Theory, what is the central factor that contributes to accidents and injuries?
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Which of the following is an example of an unsafe act mentioned in the text?
Which of the following is an example of an unsafe act mentioned in the text?
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What does the Human Factors Theory suggest about the cause of accidents?
What does the Human Factors Theory suggest about the cause of accidents?
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What is the main takeaway from Heinrich's Domino Theory in terms of accident prevention?
What is the main takeaway from Heinrich's Domino Theory in terms of accident prevention?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between Heinrich's Domino Theory and the Human Factors Theory?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between Heinrich's Domino Theory and the Human Factors Theory?
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What do ergonomic traps in the workplace typically include?
What do ergonomic traps in the workplace typically include?
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Which factor can cloud judgment when weighing risks in decision-making?
Which factor can cloud judgment when weighing risks in decision-making?
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Management's role in accident causation mainly relates to which of the following?
Management's role in accident causation mainly relates to which of the following?
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In Systems Theory, the interaction that influences accident likelihood involves which three components?
In Systems Theory, the interaction that influences accident likelihood involves which three components?
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What can increase the likelihood of accidents according to the content?
What can increase the likelihood of accidents according to the content?
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The concept of 'decision to err' includes which of the following?
The concept of 'decision to err' includes which of the following?
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What is the definition of human error?
What is the definition of human error?
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What is indicated by the feedback loop in the Systems Theory of Causation?
What is indicated by the feedback loop in the Systems Theory of Causation?
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Which type of human error involves failing to perform a task correctly?
Which type of human error involves failing to perform a task correctly?
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Combination Theory suggests that the cause of an accident may result from which of the following?
Combination Theory suggests that the cause of an accident may result from which of the following?
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What does the Iceberg Model illustrate about the costs of accidents?
What does the Iceberg Model illustrate about the costs of accidents?
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What factor may contribute to human errors related to individuals' limitations?
What factor may contribute to human errors related to individuals' limitations?
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Which of the following is NOT a category of why errors happen?
Which of the following is NOT a category of why errors happen?
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Why should safety personnel avoid applying one model to all accidents?
Why should safety personnel avoid applying one model to all accidents?
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What do situational factors contribute to in terms of human error?
What do situational factors contribute to in terms of human error?
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Which of the following is an example of a direct cost of an accident?
Which of the following is an example of a direct cost of an accident?
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Which type of cost is typically more difficult to quantify after an accident?
Which type of cost is typically more difficult to quantify after an accident?
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Which of the following statements about Human Factors Theory is true?
Which of the following statements about Human Factors Theory is true?
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Which action is characterized as an error of omission?
Which action is characterized as an error of omission?
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What is emphasized when discussing many different theories in accident prevention and investigation?
What is emphasized when discussing many different theories in accident prevention and investigation?
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Which factor could lead to an inappropriate response in the context of human error?
Which factor could lead to an inappropriate response in the context of human error?
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What best describes an accident?
What best describes an accident?
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Why is it important to understand how accidents occur?
Why is it important to understand how accidents occur?
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Which statement correctly explains the two components of an accident?
Which statement correctly explains the two components of an accident?
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What distinguishes an incident from an accident?
What distinguishes an incident from an accident?
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What factor contributed to the accident in the example of the carpenter apprentice?
What factor contributed to the accident in the example of the carpenter apprentice?
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The primary goal of investigating how accidents happened is to:
The primary goal of investigating how accidents happened is to:
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Which of the following is an acceptable consequence of an accident?
Which of the following is an acceptable consequence of an accident?
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Which theory is likely significant when analyzing the nature of accidents?
Which theory is likely significant when analyzing the nature of accidents?
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What is one purpose of accident causation theories?
What is one purpose of accident causation theories?
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Which theory suggests that accidents are the result of negative character traits and unsafe conditions?
Which theory suggests that accidents are the result of negative character traits and unsafe conditions?
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How are accidents viewed according to the discussed theories?
How are accidents viewed according to the discussed theories?
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What role do accident theories play in accident investigation?
What role do accident theories play in accident investigation?
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Heinrich’s Domino theory emphasizes the influence of which factor immediately prior to an accident?
Heinrich’s Domino theory emphasizes the influence of which factor immediately prior to an accident?
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Why is it important to identify near misses in relation to accidents?
Why is it important to identify near misses in relation to accidents?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the famous Accident Causation Theories listed?
Which of the following is NOT one of the famous Accident Causation Theories listed?
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What is a key feature of good accident theories?
What is a key feature of good accident theories?
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Flashcards
Accident Causation Theories
Accident Causation Theories
Theories that explain the causes of accidents to improve prevention.
Near Miss
Near Miss
An incident where no actual damage occurs but could have led to an accident.
Purpose of Accident Theories
Purpose of Accident Theories
To classify, identify hazards, and aid in accident investigations.
Heinrich’s Domino Theory
Heinrich’s Domino Theory
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Social Environment
Social Environment
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Unsafe Acts
Unsafe Acts
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Hazard Identification
Hazard Identification
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Accident Investigation
Accident Investigation
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Human Factors Theory
Human Factors Theory
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Human Error
Human Error
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Types of Human Errors
Types of Human Errors
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Error of Omission
Error of Omission
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Error of Commission
Error of Commission
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Environmental Factors
Environmental Factors
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Internal Factors
Internal Factors
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Accident/Incident Theory
Accident/Incident Theory
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Accident
Accident
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Incident
Incident
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Cost of Accidents
Cost of Accidents
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Event
Event
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Consequences
Consequences
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Preventing Accidents
Preventing Accidents
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Prior Conditions
Prior Conditions
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Accident Injuries
Accident Injuries
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Heinrich's Domino Theory
Heinrich's Domino Theory
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Unsafe Conditions
Unsafe Conditions
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Statistical Data in Heinrich's Theory
Statistical Data in Heinrich's Theory
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Minor vs Serious Injuries
Minor vs Serious Injuries
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Preceding Factors
Preceding Factors
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Iceberg Model
Iceberg Model
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Direct Costs
Direct Costs
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Indirect Costs
Indirect Costs
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Accident Cost Examples
Accident Cost Examples
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Ergonomic Traps
Ergonomic Traps
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Decision to Err
Decision to Err
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Systems Theory of Causation
Systems Theory of Causation
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Combination Theory
Combination Theory
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Feedback Loop
Feedback Loop
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Stressor Factors
Stressor Factors
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Management's Role in Safety
Management's Role in Safety
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Accident Causation Factors
Accident Causation Factors
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Study Notes
Health, Safety & Environment (CDB 1012/CEB 1032)
- Module 2.1 covers Accident Causations, Definitions, Theories, and the Price to Pay.
Lecture Contents & Outcomes
- Understand accidents and incidents
- Learn why understanding accident causation theories is important.
- Identify the underlying messages, similarities, and differences in various accident causation theories.
- Understand the cost of accidents.
What is an Accident?
- An accident is an unintended or unplanned event with unacceptable consequences, such as injury to people, damage to property, or process failure.
- An incident is any observable human activity that results in an unwanted event with a negative impact on people, property, or processes.
Example #1 - Struck by a Nail
- A carpenter apprentice was fatally injured when a nail fired from a power tool struck him.
- The tool operator was not properly trained, and no protective equipment was used.
Why do we need to know how accidents happened?
- To prevent accidents, it's crucial to understand their causes, not just immediate ones, but also underlying and prior conditions.
- The focus should be on preventing future similar incidents.
Nature of Accidents
- Accidents have two components: the event itself and the consequences that follow.
- Preventing the event is key as it avoids any consequences.
- Near misses, although without physical damage, are also important to analyze and prevent.
- Consequences are not always immediately apparent.
Accident Causation Theories
- Accident theories provide a systematic understanding of accident causes.
- They help identify contributing factors and enable targeted prevention efforts.
- Useful in classifying accidents and assisting investigation.
Accident Causation Theories: Purpose
- To classify accidents in a logical, objective, and universal system to aid analysis and control.
- To assist in hazard identification through a logical framework.
- To aid in accident investigation and prevention, ensuring investigations are based on sound reasoning.
Accident Causation Theories: Most Widely Known
- Heinrich's Domino Theory
- Human Factors Theory
- Accident/Incident Theory
- Systems Theory
- Combination Theory
Heinrich's Domino Theory
- Established by Herbert W. Heinrich in the 1920s.
- A chain reaction, where one event impacts other dominoes. Social environment, undesirable traits, unsafe acts or conditions, leading to accidents, resulting in injuries.
- This theory posits that 88% of accidents stem from unsafe acts, 10% from unsafe conditions, and 2% are unavoidable. Each 330 incidents result in 300 with no injuries, 29 with minor injuries, and 1 with a lost-time injury.
Heinrich's Domino Theory: Components
- Ancestry and social environment: Inherited or learned negative traits.
- Fault of the person: Negative traits leading to unsafe behavior.
- Unsafe acts or conditions: Actions and conditions that are the direct cause of an accident.
- Accidents: Events resulting in injuries.
- Injuries: Physical harm from the accident.
Unsafe Acts
- Bypassing safety devices.
- Failure to wear protective equipment.
- Wearing inappropriate or unsafe clothing.
- Unauthorized deviations from standard operating procedures (SOPs).
- Using defective or improper equipment.
- Entering confined spaces without proper clearance.
- Horseplay.
- Working on equipment while it is in operation.
Unsafe Conditions
- Defective tools or equipment.
- Incomplete or inadequate equipment design.
- Ungrounded or un-insulated equipment.
- Improper or inadequate clothing.
- Improper stacking or piling of materials.
- Inadequate space or clearance for moving objects.
- Excessive noise
- Lack or poor ventilation, lighting, illumination.
Heinrich's Domino Theory: Two Central Points
- Injuries result from preceding factors.
- Removing the central factor, such as unsafe acts or hazardous conditions, prevents accidents and injuries.
Human Factors Theory
-
Accidents are a series of events caused by human error.
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Examines interactions between people, tools, technologies, the environment, and the organization.
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Aims to identify areas of mismatch that led to accidents, or to fix them to prevent future ones.
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Includes human error analysis and classification.
Human Error
- An inappropriate human action or decision that potentially reduces safety or system function.
Who can make errors?
- All individuals involved in an operation, including operators, equipment designers, maintenance personnel, managers and supervisors.
Why do errors happen?
- Individual limitations in information processing.
- Memory constraints.
- Pressure from policies, procedures, technology and management.
- Poor/incorrect information use.
Human Factors Theory: Categories
- Overload: Environmental factors (noise, distractions), personal factors (problems, stress), situational factors (poor instructions, risk level).
- Inappropriate response: Spotting a hazard but not correcting it, removing safeguards from machinery, ignoring safety requirements.
- Inappropriate activities: Performing tasks without appropriate training, misjudging the risk.
Accident/Incident Theory
- An extension of Human Factors Theory. Recognizes ergonomic traps contributing to human error, like inadequate workstations.
- Recognizes the role and failings of management in accident causation.
Systems Theory
- Accident likelihood depends on person-machine-environment interactions.
- Interactions changes increase or decrease likelihood of an accident.
- Examples- change in work schedule, noise, new equipment.
Systems Theory of Causation
- A model depicting the sequence of events—person, machine, and environment interaction to collect information, weigh risks, make decisions, and act, potentially leading to accidents.
Combination Theory
- Accidents may have multiple contributing causes.
- Safety personnel should apply different models as appropriate for accident prevention and investigation.
Cost of Accidents: Iceberg Model
- Direct costs are quantifiable (e.g., insurance claims, medical expenses, lost wages).
- Indirect costs are hidden and often significantly greater than direct costs (e.g., lost time, training replacement workers.)
Costs of Accidents
- Monetary implications resulting from accidents include injuries, illnesses, fatalities, equipment damages and lost production time, reputation damage, customer loss.
- Costs include Investigations, clean-up costs, litigation, restitutions etc.
Summary
- Various theories can help in accident analysis and prevention, and one model doesn't always fit all scenarios.
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Description
Test your understanding of Accident Causations, Definitions, and Theories as outlined in Module 2.1 of the Health, Safety & Environment course CDB 1012/CEB 1032. This quiz covers the key concepts related to accidents, their impacts, and the importance of revising accident causation theories.