Health & Safety Module 2.1 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

According to Heinrich's Domino Theory, what percentage of accidents are caused by unsafe conditions?

  • 10% (correct)
  • 75%
  • 88%
  • 2%
  • What is the ratio of incidents with no injuries to incidents with lost-time injuries according to Heinrich's observations?

  • 300:1 (correct)
  • 29:1
  • 1:330
  • 29:300
  • Which of the following is NOT considered an unsafe condition according to the provided text?

  • Wearing unsafe clothing (correct)
  • Defective tools and equipment
  • Improper use of equipment
  • Inadequate space for moving objects
  • According to Heinrich's Domino Theory, what is the central factor that contributes to accidents and injuries?

    <p>Unsafe acts and hazardous conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an unsafe act mentioned in the text?

    <p>Failure to wear PPE (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Human Factors Theory suggest about the cause of accidents?

    <p>They are ultimately caused by a chain of events starting with human error (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main takeaway from Heinrich's Domino Theory in terms of accident prevention?

    <p>Focus on identifying and removing unsafe acts and conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between Heinrich's Domino Theory and the Human Factors Theory?

    <p>The Human Factors Theory builds upon the principles of Heinrich's Domino Theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do ergonomic traps in the workplace typically include?

    <p>Incompatible workstation designs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can cloud judgment when weighing risks in decision-making?

    <p>High levels of stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Management's role in accident causation mainly relates to which of the following?

    <p>Making effective decisions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Systems Theory, the interaction that influences accident likelihood involves which three components?

    <p>Person, machine, and workplace environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can increase the likelihood of accidents according to the content?

    <p>Changes in work conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of 'decision to err' includes which of the following?

    <p>Unconscious desire to err (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of human error?

    <p>A human decision or behavior that reduces effectiveness or safety. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the feedback loop in the Systems Theory of Causation?

    <p>Interconnected nature of workplace elements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of human error involves failing to perform a task correctly?

    <p>Error of commission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Combination Theory suggests that the cause of an accident may result from which of the following?

    <p>A blend of various contributory factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Iceberg Model illustrate about the costs of accidents?

    <p>Direct costs are easily quantifiable, while indirect costs are hidden and harder to measure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor may contribute to human errors related to individuals' limitations?

    <p>Memory limitations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a category of why errors happen?

    <p>Psychological resilience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should safety personnel avoid applying one model to all accidents?

    <p>Different accidents may have unique causes and implications. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do situational factors contribute to in terms of human error?

    <p>Ignoring safety and risk levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a direct cost of an accident?

    <p>Medical expenses for the injured. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cost is typically more difficult to quantify after an accident?

    <p>Training costs for replacements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Human Factors Theory is true?

    <p>It examines mismatches between people, tools, and the environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is characterized as an error of omission?

    <p>Skipping a safety protocol during operation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized when discussing many different theories in accident prevention and investigation?

    <p>Understanding their similarities and differences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor could lead to an inappropriate response in the context of human error?

    <p>Detecting a hazard but failing to act on it (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes an accident?

    <p>An unintentional event causing harm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to understand how accidents occur?

    <p>To prevent similar incidents from recurring. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly explains the two components of an accident?

    <p>The event and consequences together determine the outcome. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an incident from an accident?

    <p>An incident may not cause harm, while an accident does. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributed to the accident in the example of the carpenter apprentice?

    <p>The improper use of a power tool. (C), The worker's failure to wear protective equipment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary goal of investigating how accidents happened is to:

    <p>Prevent similar incidents from occurring. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an acceptable consequence of an accident?

    <p>Injury to personnel. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory is likely significant when analyzing the nature of accidents?

    <p>Multiple factors contribute to accidental events. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one purpose of accident causation theories?

    <p>To assist in hazard identification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that accidents are the result of negative character traits and unsafe conditions?

    <p>Heinrich's Domino theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are accidents viewed according to the discussed theories?

    <p>As caused events rather than occurring by chance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do accident theories play in accident investigation?

    <p>They ensure investigation is based on logical arguments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heinrich’s Domino theory emphasizes the influence of which factor immediately prior to an accident?

    <p>Unsafe acts or conditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to identify near misses in relation to accidents?

    <p>They can indicate potential areas for further injuries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the famous Accident Causation Theories listed?

    <p>Systematic Safety Theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of good accident theories?

    <p>They help identify sources of problems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Accident Causation Theories

    Theories that explain the causes of accidents to improve prevention.

    Near Miss

    An incident where no actual damage occurs but could have led to an accident.

    Purpose of Accident Theories

    To classify, identify hazards, and aid in accident investigations.

    Heinrich’s Domino Theory

    A theory suggesting accidents result from a sequence influenced by social factors.

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    Social Environment

    The surrounding cultural and societal influences that affect individual behavior.

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    Unsafe Acts

    Actions or behaviors that increase the risk of an accident.

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    Hazard Identification

    The process of recognizing potential hazards that could lead to accidents.

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    Accident Investigation

    A systematic approach to analyzing incidents to prevent future occurrences.

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    Human Factors Theory

    Theory examining interactions among people, tools, environment, job, and organization to prevent accidents.

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    Human Error

    An undesirable human decision or action reducing safety or effectiveness.

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    Types of Human Errors

    Categorized errors: omission, commission, sequence, and timing errors that lead to mistakes.

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    Error of Omission

    Failure to perform a necessary action or task, leading to potential risk.

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    Error of Commission

    Improperly executing an action that should have been done, resulting in mistakes.

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    Environmental Factors

    External influences like noise and distractions that can cause human error.

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    Internal Factors

    Personal problems and emotional stresses that influence human performance and decisions.

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    Accident/Incident Theory

    Theory extending Human Factors Theory to analyze the causes of accidents and incidents.

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    Accident

    An unintended event causing harm to people, property, or processes.

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    Incident

    An observable human activity that is an unwanted event with negative impacts.

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    Cost of Accidents

    The financial and other impacts resulting from accidents, including injuries and damages.

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    Event

    The specific occurrence that leads to an accident; if it doesn't happen, there is no accident.

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    Consequences

    The final outcomes that result from an event, such as injury or material damage.

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    Preventing Accidents

    Understanding the reasons for accidents is crucial for prevention strategies.

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    Prior Conditions

    Underlying factors and situations that contribute to an accident occurring.

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    Accident Injuries

    Common injuries from accidents include lacerations and fractures.

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    Heinrich's Domino Theory

    The theory suggests accidents stem from unsafe acts and conditions.

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    Unsafe Conditions

    Environmental factors that pose risks, such as defective tools or equipment.

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    Statistical Data in Heinrich's Theory

    Out of 75,000 accidents: 88% from unsafe acts, 10% unsafe conditions.

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    Minor vs Serious Injuries

    In Heinrich's findings, 29 out of 330 incidents lead to minor injuries; 1 leads to lost-time injury (LTI).

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    Preceding Factors

    Conditions or actions that lead to injuries before the actual accident occurs.

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    Iceberg Model

    A framework illustrating that direct costs are visible, while indirect costs are often hidden and significant.

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    Direct Costs

    Immediate and quantifiable expenses from an accident, such as medical bills and insurance claims.

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    Indirect Costs

    Hidden costs from an accident that are harder to quantify, often outweighing direct costs.

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    Accident Cost Examples

    Direct costs include medical expenses and lost wages; indirect costs include training and administrative issues.

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    Ergonomic Traps

    Workstation designs that cause discomfort and hinder performance.

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    Decision to Err

    Unintentional choices leading to mistakes, like misjudging risks.

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    Systems Theory of Causation

    Accidents result from interactions between person, machine, and environment.

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    Combination Theory

    Accident causation may involve elements from various theories.

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    Feedback Loop

    The cycle of information collection and decision making affecting safety.

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    Stressor Factors

    Elements that impair judgment when making decisions.

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    Management's Role in Safety

    Management decisions influence accident prevention and risk management.

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    Accident Causation Factors

    Elements like overload, fatigue, or drugs that contribute to accidents.

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    Study Notes

    Health, Safety & Environment (CDB 1012/CEB 1032)

    • Module 2.1 covers Accident Causations, Definitions, Theories, and the Price to Pay.

    Lecture Contents & Outcomes

    • Understand accidents and incidents
    • Learn why understanding accident causation theories is important.
    • Identify the underlying messages, similarities, and differences in various accident causation theories.
    • Understand the cost of accidents.

    What is an Accident?

    • An accident is an unintended or unplanned event with unacceptable consequences, such as injury to people, damage to property, or process failure.
    • An incident is any observable human activity that results in an unwanted event with a negative impact on people, property, or processes.

    Example #1 - Struck by a Nail

    • A carpenter apprentice was fatally injured when a nail fired from a power tool struck him.
    • The tool operator was not properly trained, and no protective equipment was used.

    Why do we need to know how accidents happened?

    • To prevent accidents, it's crucial to understand their causes, not just immediate ones, but also underlying and prior conditions.
    • The focus should be on preventing future similar incidents.

    Nature of Accidents

    • Accidents have two components: the event itself and the consequences that follow.
    • Preventing the event is key as it avoids any consequences.
    • Near misses, although without physical damage, are also important to analyze and prevent.
    • Consequences are not always immediately apparent.

    Accident Causation Theories

    • Accident theories provide a systematic understanding of accident causes.
    • They help identify contributing factors and enable targeted prevention efforts.
    • Useful in classifying accidents and assisting investigation.

    Accident Causation Theories: Purpose

    • To classify accidents in a logical, objective, and universal system to aid analysis and control.
    • To assist in hazard identification through a logical framework.
    • To aid in accident investigation and prevention, ensuring investigations are based on sound reasoning.

    Accident Causation Theories: Most Widely Known

    • Heinrich's Domino Theory
    • Human Factors Theory
    • Accident/Incident Theory
    • Systems Theory
    • Combination Theory

    Heinrich's Domino Theory

    • Established by Herbert W. Heinrich in the 1920s.
    • A chain reaction, where one event impacts other dominoes. Social environment, undesirable traits, unsafe acts or conditions, leading to accidents, resulting in injuries.
    • This theory posits that 88% of accidents stem from unsafe acts, 10% from unsafe conditions, and 2% are unavoidable. Each 330 incidents result in 300 with no injuries, 29 with minor injuries, and 1 with a lost-time injury.

    Heinrich's Domino Theory: Components

    • Ancestry and social environment: Inherited or learned negative traits.
    • Fault of the person: Negative traits leading to unsafe behavior.
    • Unsafe acts or conditions: Actions and conditions that are the direct cause of an accident.
    • Accidents: Events resulting in injuries.
    • Injuries: Physical harm from the accident.

    Unsafe Acts

    • Bypassing safety devices.
    • Failure to wear protective equipment.
    • Wearing inappropriate or unsafe clothing.
    • Unauthorized deviations from standard operating procedures (SOPs).
    • Using defective or improper equipment.
    • Entering confined spaces without proper clearance.
    • Horseplay.
    • Working on equipment while it is in operation.

    Unsafe Conditions

    • Defective tools or equipment.
    • Incomplete or inadequate equipment design.
    • Ungrounded or un-insulated equipment.
    • Improper or inadequate clothing.
    • Improper stacking or piling of materials.
    • Inadequate space or clearance for moving objects.
    • Excessive noise
    • Lack or poor ventilation, lighting, illumination.

    Heinrich's Domino Theory: Two Central Points

    • Injuries result from preceding factors.
    • Removing the central factor, such as unsafe acts or hazardous conditions, prevents accidents and injuries.

    Human Factors Theory

    • Accidents are a series of events caused by human error.

    • Examines interactions between people, tools, technologies, the environment, and the organization.

    • Aims to identify areas of mismatch that led to accidents, or to fix them to prevent future ones.

    • Includes human error analysis and classification.

    Human Error

    • An inappropriate human action or decision that potentially reduces safety or system function.

    Who can make errors?

    • All individuals involved in an operation, including operators, equipment designers, maintenance personnel, managers and supervisors.

    Why do errors happen?

    • Individual limitations in information processing.
    • Memory constraints.
    • Pressure from policies, procedures, technology and management.
    • Poor/incorrect information use.

    Human Factors Theory: Categories

    • Overload: Environmental factors (noise, distractions), personal factors (problems, stress), situational factors (poor instructions, risk level).
    • Inappropriate response: Spotting a hazard but not correcting it, removing safeguards from machinery, ignoring safety requirements.
    • Inappropriate activities: Performing tasks without appropriate training, misjudging the risk.

    Accident/Incident Theory

    • An extension of Human Factors Theory. Recognizes ergonomic traps contributing to human error, like inadequate workstations.
    • Recognizes the role and failings of management in accident causation.

    Systems Theory

    • Accident likelihood depends on person-machine-environment interactions.
    • Interactions changes increase or decrease likelihood of an accident.
    • Examples- change in work schedule, noise, new equipment.

    Systems Theory of Causation

    • A model depicting the sequence of events—person, machine, and environment interaction to collect information, weigh risks, make decisions, and act, potentially leading to accidents.

    Combination Theory

    • Accidents may have multiple contributing causes.
    • Safety personnel should apply different models as appropriate for accident prevention and investigation.

    Cost of Accidents: Iceberg Model

    • Direct costs are quantifiable (e.g., insurance claims, medical expenses, lost wages).
    • Indirect costs are hidden and often significantly greater than direct costs (e.g., lost time, training replacement workers.)

    Costs of Accidents

    • Monetary implications resulting from accidents include injuries, illnesses, fatalities, equipment damages and lost production time, reputation damage, customer loss.
    • Costs include Investigations, clean-up costs, litigation, restitutions etc.

    Summary

    • Various theories can help in accident analysis and prevention, and one model doesn't always fit all scenarios.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of Accident Causations, Definitions, and Theories as outlined in Module 2.1 of the Health, Safety & Environment course CDB 1012/CEB 1032. This quiz covers the key concepts related to accidents, their impacts, and the importance of revising accident causation theories.

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