40 Questions
Which of the following body systems is associated with the health risk of stroke?
Cardiovascular
Which of the following health risks is associated with the gastrointestinal system?
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
Which of the following health risks is associated with the pulmonary system?
Asthma
Which of the following body systems is associated with the health risk of type 2 diabetes?
Endocrine
What is the definition of nutrition?
Providing or obtaining food for health and growth
Which of the following health risks is associated with the musculoskeletal system?
Osteoarthritis
What are the four processes involved in nutrition?
Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Assimilation
Which of the following health risks is associated with the genitourinary system?
Prostate cancer
What are the National Health Priorities identified by the Australian Government?
9 NHP’s: Cancer, Cardiovascular disease, Diabetes, Asthma, Obesity, Dementia, Injury prevention & control, Mental health, and more
Which of the following is NOT one of the National Health Priorities?
Hypertension
Which of the following body systems is associated with the health risk of chronic kidney disease?
Genitourinary
What is the main focus of this session?
Those National Health Priorities associated with nutrition
Which of the following health risks is associated with the cardiovascular system?
Hypertension
How many National Health Priorities are identified by the Australian Government?
9
What is the purpose of the National Health Priorities?
To focus on health issues with significant existence in the Australian population
Who has made the material in this presentation available for students?
Western Sydney University
What is a major risk factor for arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions?
Poor diet and nutrition
What is a major health risk associated with being overweight or obese?
Increased risk of diabetes
According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, what percentage of Australian children are overweight or obese?
1 in 4
What is the trend in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Australia?
It is increasing rapidly
What is the difference in the prevalence of overweight and obesity between outer regional and remote areas and major cities?
30% more people are overweight or obese in outer regional and remote areas
What is the health risk associated with overweight and obesity in adults, according to Obesity briefing paper no 08/2012?
Increased risk of heart disease
What percentage of Australian adults are overweight or obese?
Over 50%
What is the source of the information about the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Australia?
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare
What is recommended for daily consumption according to the Healthy Eating Pyramid?
Vegetables and whole-grain foods
How many servings of dairy products or calcium supplements are recommended daily?
1–2 servings
What is the recommended frequency of consumption for red meat and butter?
Sparingly
What is the recommended daily intake of fruits?
2–3 servings
What is the recommended frequency of consumption for fish, poultry, and eggs?
0–2 servings
What is the recommended daily intake of nuts and legumes?
1–3 servings
What is the importance of daily exercise and weight control in the Healthy Eating Pyramid?
Recommended
What type of foods should be consumed at most meals according to the Healthy Eating Pyramid?
Whole-grain foods
What is the purpose of stage 2 anabolism and catabolism of nutrients?
To incorporate nutrients into molecules
What is the outcome of stage 3 oxidative breakdown?
The formation of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
What is the byproduct of glycolysis?
Pyruvic acid
What is the role of mitochondria in stage 3 oxidative breakdown?
To oxidize stage 2 products
What is the relationship between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
Glycolysis produces pyruvic acid, which is then used in the Krebs cycle
What is the outcome of the electron transport chain?
The production of ATP
What is the role of acetyl CoA in the metabolic pathway?
To enter the Krebs cycle
What is the relationship between glycogen and glucose?
Glycogen is broken down to form glucose
Study Notes
Body Systems and Health Risks
- Different body systems are associated with various health risks:
- Cardiovascular: stroke, coronary heart disease, hypertension
- Endocrine: type 2 diabetes
- Gastrointestinal: gallbladder disease, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, hepatic, biliary and pancreatic disease, cancers of the bowel, oesophagus, gall bladder and pancreas
- Genitourinary: chronic kidney disease, end-stage renal disease, kidney cancer, glomerulopathy, kidney stones, prostate cancer, stress urinary incontinence in women
- Pulmonary: obstructive sleep apnoea, asthma
- Musculoskeletal: osteoarthritis, spinal disc disorders, lower back pain, disorders of soft-tissue structures
Nutrition and Health
- Nutrition involves the processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption, and assimilation to provide food for health and growth
- National Health Priorities (NHPs) identified by the Australian Government include:
- Cancer
- Cardiovascular disease
- Injury prevention and control
- Mental health
- Diabetes
- Asthma
- Obesity
- Dementia
- Arthritis and musculoskeletal conditions
- Poor diet and nutrition are among the greatest behavioural risk factors for obesity and cardiovascular disease
Overweight and Obesity
- Over half of adults in Australia are overweight or obese, which increases the risk of diabetes
- The number of overweight and obese individuals is increasing rapidly
- Over 30% more people living in outer regional and remote areas are obese than those living in major cities
- 1 in 4 Australian children are overweight or obese
Health Risks Associated with Overweight and Obesity
- Health risks associated with overweight and obesity in adults include:
- Increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease
Healthy Eating Pyramid
- A healthy eating pyramid recommends:
- Vegetables in abundance
- Fruits: 2-3 servings
- Whole-grain foods at most meals
- Dairy or calcium supplement: 1-2 servings
- Fish, poultry, eggs: 0-2 servings
- Nuts, legumes: 1-3 servings
- Red meat, butter: use sparingly
- White rice, white bread, potatoes, pasta, sweets: use sparingly
- Plant oils: use at most meals
- Daily exercise and weight control
Nutrition Processes
- Nutrition processes involve:
- Stage 1: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and assimilation
- Stage 2: anabolism (incorporation into molecules) and catabolism of nutrients to form intermediates within tissue cells
- Stage 3: oxidative breakdown of stage 2 products occurs in mitochondria of tissue cells, resulting in the release of energy and the formation of ATP
This quiz covers the relationship between various body systems and associated health risks, including cardiovascular, endocrine, and gastrointestinal systems. Identify the health risks associated with each body system.
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