Health-Related Behavior and Promotion

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Questions and Answers

What are the three dimensions of pain identified by Melzack?

Affective, Cognitive, Sensory

Sensory, Behavioral, Social

Cognitive, Behavioral, Affective

Affective, Sensory, Evaluative (correct)

What is one limitation of the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ)?

It is too simple for clinical use

It requires a strong English vocabulary (correct)

It is free to administer

It does not differentiate pain experiences

Which of the following best describes a behavioral assessment of pain?

Treating pain with medication only

Family members observing and recording pain behaviors (correct)

Identifying negative thoughts related to pain

Using a psychological questionnaire to assess pain

What do cognitive methods for managing pain primarily focus on?

Identifying and reframing negative thoughts Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is applied in operant conditioning to manage chronic pain?

Positive reinforcement for healthy behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What are health habits primarily defined as?

Well-established health behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the seven important health habits linked to a longer lifespan?

Drinking more than two alcoholic drinks daily Signup and view all the answers

How does conscientiousness influence health behaviors?

It is associated with reduced mortality risk and healthy habits Signup and view all the answers

What is the first stage in the Stages of Change Model?

Precontemplation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the goals of health promotion during gestation and infancy?

To ensure a healthy pregnancy and delivery Signup and view all the answers

What factor is most strongly associated with the likelihood of survival to age 90 for individuals in their 70s?

Number of health risk factors present Signup and view all the answers

What successful outcome has been linked to electronic health promotion interventions?

Decreasing rates of alcohol consumption Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial purpose of tobacco use before it became popular for pleasure?

Medicinal purposes Signup and view all the answers

What effect does planning to complete 4 years of college have on smoking rates compared to those with lesser or no plans?

Lower smoking rates at all ages Signup and view all the answers

Which category of drugs has the potential to alter perception and may induce hallucinations?

Hallucinogens Signup and view all the answers

What strategy is noted as more effective for promoting dietary change?

Using cognitive strategies along with health information Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of secondary care in health care systems?

Treating existing health problems Signup and view all the answers

What is an important factor in maintaining an exercise routine?

High frequency of exercise Signup and view all the answers

What behavioral response might hospital patients exhibit due to feeling a loss of control?

Reactance leading to noncompliance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following coping strategies focuses on regulating emotional responses?

Emotion-focused coping Signup and view all the answers

What is a suggested method to improve medication adherence among patients?

Providing clear instructions and involving patients in decision-making Signup and view all the answers

What psychological factor may influence a patient's adherence to medical advice?

Memory capability Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial step often required in substance abuse treatment?

Detoxification Signup and view all the answers

What psychological theory explains the modulation of pain perception?

Pain Gate-Control Theory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can affect patients' memory of medical information provided by their physicians?

Complexity of the information Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a pain diary in pain assessment?

To monitor pain experiences and patterns Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Health behavior: Practices enhancing or maintaining well-being.
Health habits: Well-established health behaviors.
Seven healthy habits linked to longer lifespan: 7-8 hours sleep, no smoking, daily breakfast, ≤2 alcoholic drinks, regular exercise, no between-meal snacking, ≤10% overweight.
Increasing health risks decrease survival chances from age 70 to 90.
Conscientiousness (discipline, organization, responsibility): associated with better health and reduced mortality. This trait links to higher fitness, healthier eating, medication adherence, and better overall health. It's also related to lower rates of unhealthy behaviors (alcohol, drugs, risky driving/sex/tobacco).
Stages of Change Model: Describes the five stages (Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance) of behavior change.
Health promotion goals vary by life stage. Pregnancy/infancy goals focus on a healthy pregnancy/delivery and parental education.
Electronic health promotion interventions effectively address various health issues (e.g., reducing alcohol use, smoking cessation).
Male-to-male sex is the most frequent mode of HIV transmission in the US.

Substance Use and Abuse

Tobacco use: Initially medicinal, now predominantly recreational, leading to widespread use.
College-bound individuals smoke less than those not planning to attend college.
Drugs: Stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and narcotics with varying effects and addictive potential.
Differences exist in alcohol use among 8th and 12th graders based on college plans and ethnicity.
Stages of change model helps understand readiness to change substance use. Change is often triggered by moving from contemplating to taking action.
Substance abuse treatment: Often begins with detoxification in hospitals or at home under supervision.
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA): A self-help program emphasizing spiritual guidance, confession, and amends.

Nutrition, Weight Control, Exercise, and Safety

Healthy diet: Fruits, vegetables, grains, beans/meat, milk, and oils in recommended proportions, emphasizing physical activity.
Cognitive strategies combined with nutrition information promote dietary change more effectively than information alone.
Childhood weight concerns and negative stereotypes are associated with overweight. Obesity can impact mental health (depression/anxiety) in teens.
Different types of exercise (isotonic, isometric, isokinetic) have different effects.
Exercise frequency (5+ days/week) is more important for maintaining routines than intensity.

Using Health Services

Health care systems primarily focus on secondary and tertiary care.
Patient-practitioner relationships: Dissatisfied patients experience more stress during procedures, less likely to follow advice, and may switch practitioners.
Recommendations for serious health issues: Get information, prepare questions, seek multiple opinions, and connect with support groups.
Assessing medical terminology: Essential for effective communication between patients and practitioners.
Patient behaviors: Potential for unsettling behaviors like inappropriate remarks, criticism, or exaggerated complaints.
Assessing medication adherence. Objective methods include pill counts and medication dispensers.
Patient adherence influenced by cognitive and emotional factors (forgetfulness, stress).

In the Hospital: The Setting, Procedures, and Effects on Patients

Hospital roles: Various medical specialists in a hospital setting.
Hospitalization & Reactance: Patients may resist (reactance) due to a loss of control, affecting compliance with routines.
Emotional adjustment: Hospitalization often causes significant stress and anxiety.
Coping mechanisms: Problem-focused (changing the stressor) and emotion-focused (managing emotions).
Types of control: Behavioral (actions), cognitive (thoughts), and informational (accessing info).
Cognitive control training: Can reduce pre- and post-operative stress, emphasizing positive aspects.

The Nature and Symptoms of Pain

Ethical research considerations: Informed consent and participant well-being.
Gate-Control Theory of Pain: Psychological factors influence pain signals by opening or closing a "gate" in the spinal cord.
Chronic pain and psychological distress: Patients with chronic pain, often show higher scores on particular MMPI scales (Hypochondriasis, Depression, Hysteria) linking possible psychological distress.
Pain assessment: Pain diaries help track patterns and experiences.
Melzack's pain dimensions: Affective (emotional-motivational), sensory, evaluative.
McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ): Measures pain based on Melzack's dimensions. This instrument's strengths lie in its multidimensional nature and ability to differentiate pain experiences by word choice but the English vocabulary can be a barrier.
Behavioral assessment: Family members or significant others can be trained to observe pain behaviors, providing context.

Managing and Controlling Clinical Pain

Headache pain relief: Treatment can reduce muscle contraction and vascular headache pain over time.
Cognitive therapies: Techniques for managing pain involve identifying and changing negative thoughts about pain.
Operant conditioning: Encourages healthy behaviors and minimizes pain behaviors.
Diabetes care in special populations: Patients, especially those with cognitive challenges, may encounter difficulties managing diabetes regimens.

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Description

Explore the critical health behaviors and habits that contribute to overall well-being and longevity. This quiz covers important concepts such as the Seven Healthy Habits, the Stages of Change Model, and the impact of conscientiousness on health. Test your knowledge on how these factors influence health promotion across different life stages.