Health Promotion & Key Concepts

Healthy People 2030 Goals

• Aims to increase life expectancy and improve quality of life
• Seeks to reduce health disparities across different populations
• Focuses on promoting healthy behaviors and well-being across all life stages
• Addresses social determinants of health to improve outcomes
• Strengthens public health infrastructure and access to care

Locus of Control

• Refers to the belief about who or what controls health outcomes
• Internal locus of control is the belief that personal actions influence health outcomes
• External locus of control is the perception that external factors dictate health

Health Promotion vs. Health Protection

• Health promotion includes activities to enhance well-being, such as exercise and nutrition
• Health protection involves preventing disease/injury through vaccinations and screenings

Effective Nurse-Patient Communication

• Nurses should be cheerleaders, encouragers, and motivators
• Encouraging patients to stay engaged in their care by providing support for weight loss or smoking cessation

Physical Fitness Across Ages

• School-age fitness activities include running and cardiovascular exercises
• Older adults can engage in flexibility and low-impact exercises

Levels of Prevention

• Primary prevention involves vaccination and health education
• Secondary prevention includes screening and early diagnosis
• Tertiary prevention includes rehabilitation and chronic disease management

Hardiness

• Psychological resilience helps individuals cope with stress and health challenges

Health Promotion Programs

• Aims to raise knowledge and awareness
• Assess a patient's current knowledge of illness before educating them

Health Promotion Models

• Pender's Model addresses factors influencing health behavior
• Wheels of Wellness includes spirituality as a component of health

Transtheoretical Model of Change

• Stages range from precontemplation to maintenance
• Precontemplation is when an individual is unaware or unwilling to change behavior
• Contemplation is when one recognizes the need for change but is ambivalent
• Preparation involves planning for change and setting goals
• Action is actively engaging in behavior change
• Maintenance is sustaining the new behavior and preventing relapse
• Applicable in scenarios like smoking cessation, weight loss, and medication adherence

Risk Appraisal Questions

• Assess exercise routines, diet, and lifestyle choices

Role Modeling

• Healthcare professionals should demonstrate healthy behaviors

ABCD Criteria for Goal Setting

• Goals should involve the patient
• Goals should be measurable

Health Trends

• Teen pregnancy has decreased
• Obesity has increased
• Men are more likely to be smokers
• Smoking (any amount) is harmful

Tuberculosis (TB)

• Diagnostic tests for include sputum culture, TB skin test (PPD), Chest X-ray, and IGRA blood test
• Precautions include airborne precautions, N95 respirator, and a negative pressure room
• Completion of TB medications is required
• Patients are typically not contagious after 2-3 weeks
• Importance of hydration to keep secretions thin and promote airway clearance
• Sputum specimens should be collected in the morning before eating or drinking and avoid contamination

Chest Tubes & Respiratory Care

• Used to remove air in pneumothorax or fluid in hemothorax from the pleural space
• Monitor for leaks, assess breath sounds, and maintain drainage system integrity

Oxygen Saturation (O2 Sats) & Assessment

• Decreased O2 sats, increased HR, gurgling, and high RR indicate the need to reposition the patient, apply oxygen, and notify the provider if unresolved

Hemothorax vs. Pneumothorax

• Hemothorax symptoms: blood in the pleural space, chest tube placement, and monitor vitals
• Pneumothorax symptoms: air in the pleural space, chest tube placement, and assess lung expansion

Surfactant & Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

• Lack of surfactant causes alveolar collapse, requiring surfactant therapy and oxygen support in premature babies

Breathing Patterns & Oxygenation

• Assess respiratory effort, depth, and symmetry

Assessment Findings for Adequate Oxygenation

• Normal respiratory rate
• Pink skin with no cyanosis
• Clear breath sounds
• Normal O2 saturation is 95-100%

Managing Patient Fear

• Provide reassurance, explain interventions, and encourage slow breathing

Parental Education on Toddler Respiratory Health

• Stress the importance of vaccinations
• Avoiding secondhand smoke exposure
• Reinforce proper hand hygiene to prevent infections

Antitussives vs. Expectorants

• Antitussives suppress cough
• Expectorants thin mucus

Signs & Symptoms of Shortness of Breath (SOB)

• SOB symptoms include Dyspnea, retractions, cyanosis.

Sputum Color & Indications

• Clear sputum is normal
• Yellow/Green sputum indicates infection
• Pink/Frothy sputum indicates pulmonary edema
• Rust-colored sputum indicates pneumonia or TB

Suctioning Procedure

• Pre-oxygenate patient, use sterile technique, and limit suction time to 10-15 seconds

Smoking Cessation Message

• "Once you stop smoking, your body will begin to heal itself."

Ineffective Airway Clearance

• Priority is maximizing ventilation through positioning, suctioning, and airway clearance techniques

Delegation in Respiratory Care

• UAPs can reposition patients, encourage coughing, and measure O2 saturation
• RNs should assess, intervene, and educate

Decreased Oxygen Saturation

• Reposition the patient, encourage deep breathing, apply oxygen as per protocol, and assess for underlying causes without an order
• Initiate advanced oxygen therapy and potential interventions based on provider instructions with an order

Medications and Breathing

• Opioids, anti-anxiety meds, and barbiturates can slow down breathing
• Morphine is a painkiller and sedatives are drugs that help relaxation or sleep
• Expectorants loosen mucus for easier coughing

Medications to improve breathing

• Decongestants help clear blocked airways
• Albuterol helps open up airways for easier breathing
• Anti-inflammatory agents reduce swelling in the airways

Upper Respiratory Infections (URIs)

• Most common short-term illnesses caused by viruses

Upper Respiratory System

• Nose and Nasal Cavity for air passage in and out
• Sinuses: Air-filled spaces that help with breathing and sound
• Pharynx (Throat): Connects the nose and mouth to the larynx and esophagus
• Larynx (Voice Box): Contains vocal cords and protects the trachea during swallowing
• Trachea (Windpipe): Carries air to the lungs

Common Upper Respiratory Infections

• Common Cold is more common in children and caused by viruses
• Rhinosinusitis is the inflammation of the nasal mucosa and sinus cavities and can be viral or bacterial
• Pharyngitis (Sore Throat) can be viral or bacterial and Streptococcus is the most common bacterial cause
• Influenza (Flu) is highly contagious, spread by respiratory droplets affecting the nose, throat, and lungs and is especially dangerous for the elderly and frail

Lower Respiratory System

• Trachea (Windpipe): Connects the larynx to the bronchi with cilia to filter particles
• Bronchi: Two large airways branching off the trachea into each lung, further dividing into bronchioles
• Bronchioles: Smaller branches of the bronchi regulate airflow and are involved in gas exchange
• Alveoli: Tiny air sacs for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, the primary site of gas exchange in the lungs
• Lungs: House the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli, responsible for gas exchange
• Pleura: A double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs reducing friction and allows for smooth lung movement during breathing

Lower Airway Infections

• RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) affects both upper and lower airways, especially in infants and is severe in premature babies
• Acute Bronchitis symptoms include fever, productive cough, chills, malaise, chest wall pain from coughing
• Tuberculosis (TB) must be reported to the health department. Symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, anorexia, night sweats, blood-tinged sputum. Precautions airborne precautions

Oxygenation

• Ventilation: Air movement in/out of lungs
• Diffusion: Gas exchange at alveoli
• Perfusion: Oxygen transport via blood

Factors Affecting Oxygenation

• Altered lung compliance
• Anemia affecting O2 transport
• Cardiovascular conditions impacting perfusion

Oxygenation Assessment

• Respiratory rate, rhythm, and depth
• Pulse oximetry (Normal: 95-100%)
• Arterial blood gases (ABGs) for O2 and CO2 levels

Oxygenation Interventions

• Positioning (elevating head)
• Breathing exercises (pursed-lip breathing)
• Supplemental oxygen therapy
• Mechanical ventilation if necessary

Promoting Respiratory Health

• Smoking cessation
• Regular physical activity
• Vaccination for flu and pneumonia
• Proper hydration and airway clearance