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Questions and Answers
What bacterium causes typhoid fever?
What bacterium causes typhoid fever?
Which of the following antibiotics is NOT typically used in the treatment of tuberculosis?
Which of the following antibiotics is NOT typically used in the treatment of tuberculosis?
What is a primary method of transmission for tuberculosis?
What is a primary method of transmission for tuberculosis?
What disease is primarily associated with unsafe food handling and inadequate sanitation?
What disease is primarily associated with unsafe food handling and inadequate sanitation?
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Which of the following groups is considered a high-risk group for tuberculosis infection?
Which of the following groups is considered a high-risk group for tuberculosis infection?
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Which of the following accurately describes a communicable disease?
Which of the following accurately describes a communicable disease?
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Which of the following diseases is classified as a non-communicable disease (NCD)?
Which of the following diseases is classified as a non-communicable disease (NCD)?
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What is the primary purpose of reporting notifiable diseases to government authorities?
What is the primary purpose of reporting notifiable diseases to government authorities?
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Which of the following diseases is related to food and water contamination?
Which of the following diseases is related to food and water contamination?
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Which intervention strategy is commonly used to manage cholera cases?
Which intervention strategy is commonly used to manage cholera cases?
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Study Notes
Disease Patterns & Health Problems in Malaysia
- Malaysia's health issues are presented, with a focus on communicable and non-communicable diseases (NCDs).
Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
- Communicable disease: An illness caused by pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi) or their toxins. Diseases spread directly or indirectly between people or from animals to people (zoonotic diseases). Spread can also be via airborne viruses, bacteria, or bodily fluids.
- Non-communicable diseases (NCDs): Also known as chronic diseases, these diseases are not passed from person to person and typically have long durations with slow progressions. Examples include cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (e.g., COPD, asthma), and diabetes.
Examples of Communicable Diseases
- Malaria
- Hepatitis
- HIV/AIDS
Top 5 Principal Causes of Death in Malaysia (2021)
- Data presented in the provided information, potentially including statistics
Statistics on Causes of Death, Malaysia (2020 & 2021)
- Data on 10 principal causes of death. Figures indicate leading causes, including percentages (%) and totals. The information includes rates for age groups and ethnic groups.
Notifiable Diseases
- Diseases are required by law to be reported to government authorities.
- The Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act (1988) regulates 25 specific diseases.
- Information collation allows authorities to monitor the spread of diseases and recognize potential outbreaks.
Examples of Notifiable Communicable Diseases
- Dengue fever
- Tuberculosis
- Food poisoning
- Hand, foot, and mouth diseases (HFMD)
- HIV/AIDS
- Covid-19
Incidence and Mortality Rate of Communicable Diseases (2022)
- Detailed data presented for various communicable diseases, including food and waterborne, viral hepatitis, and vector borne diseases. Figures show incidence and mortality rates per 100,000 population, showing trends and variations across years.
Cholera
- Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection caused by Vibrio cholerae ingested through contaminated food or water. Left untreated It can be fatal.
Typhoid (Demam Kepialu)
- Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi. The bacteria reside in the intestinal tract and bloodstream. Infection is through ingestion of contaminated food/water.
Tuberculosis (TB)
- Bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Often affects the lungs. It is transmitted via droplets in the respiratory tract of infected individuals. Common symptoms include coughing, sputum, and/or fever. Factors like HIV/AIDS exposure and overcrowded living conditions may increase susceptibility to TB.
HIV/AIDS
- Major public health concern, significant public concern.
- First cases detected in 1986.
- There's a decreasing trend in new HIV infections, but rates differ by age and gender.
Malaria
- Significant decrease of cases from 2000-2020.
- Mostly caused by Plasmodium vivax, followed by other types, and prevalent in Sabah and Sarawak.
Dengue
- Increased cases in 2020.
- Public apathy toward the breeding of Aedes mosquitoes is a suspected cause; the disease is prevalent in Selangor, Johor, Perak, and Kuala Lumpur.
Filariasis
- 172 cases recorded mainly in peninsular Malaysia; 78% are from foreign workers. Wuchereria bancrofti is a common strain.
Chikungunya
- 1999-2006, with an increase in case numbers from the start of data collection period. The disease is mostly common in Perak.
Causes of Death
- Approximately half of deaths are not certified in hospitals.
- The primary cause is aging.
- Cancer (types differentiated by gender) is a leading cause related to aging.
National Immunization Programme
- Schedules and types of immunizations are available.
Immunization Compliance (2005)
- Data and reports on compliance rates for various vaccines.
Childhood Immunisation Coverage (2022)
- Comprehensive data on vaccination coverage for various childhood illnesses.
Thank You!
- Concluding remarks.
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Description
Explore the various health issues affecting Malaysia, focusing on both communicable and non-communicable diseases. This quiz covers definitions, examples, and statistics related to these diseases and their impact on the population.
