Health Indicators and Measurement Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of health according to the World Health Organization?

  • Complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing (correct)
  • The ability to lead a productive life
  • A reflection of the state of health in a community
  • The absence of disease or infirmity

    • What is the purpose of using indicators to measure health status?

  • To reflect the state of health in a community
  • To indicate illness or lack of health
  • To measure the extent of achieving program objectives (correct)
  • To measure economic, occupation, and domestic factors promoting ill health

    • What does an indicator help to measure?

  • Economic, occupation, and domestic factors promoting ill health
  • Consequences of ill-health
  • Complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing
  • Extent of achieving program objectives (correct)

    • What are indicators also known as?

    <p>Variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do health status indicators measure?

    <p>Different aspects of the health of a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of an indicator?

    <p>Direct measurability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, how is health defined?

    <p>'A state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is health measured according to the text?

    <p>'In terms of illness or lack of health'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Indicator' is susceptible to what kind of measurement?

    <p>'Direct measurement'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Indicators' help to measure what regarding program objectives?

    <p>The extent to which program objectives are being attained.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another term for 'Indicator'?

    <p>Index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Sullivan’s Index measure?

    <p>Probability of bed disability and inability to perform major activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the anthropometric measurements of pre-school children used for?

    <p>Measuring chronic malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the WHO Joint Learning Initiative's threshold for health workers per 10,000 population?

    <p>25 health workers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do healthcare utilization indicators reflect?

    <p>Proportion of people in need of a service who actually receive it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do indicators of social and mental health provide a guide for?

    <p>Improving social well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the household crowding index measure?

    <p>Total number of co-residents per household relative to the total number of rooms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do environmental indicators reflect?

    <p>Quality of physical and biological environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Physical Quality of Life Index consolidate?

    <p>Infant mortality, life expectancy at age of 1yr, and literacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dimensions are represented by the Human Development Index?

    <p>Longevity, Education, and Gross national income (GNI) per capita</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the single most important indicator of political commitment in health policy?

    <p>Allocation of adequate resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are indicators used for in measuring health?

    <p>Measuring, describing, comparing, identifying health needs, and planning and evaluation of health services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the use of multiple indicators arranged in profiles or patterns allow for?

    <p>Comparison between areas, regions, and nations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of crude mortality rate (CDR)?

    <p>The mortality rate from all causes of death for an entire population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of mid-year population?

    <p>The population size at the midpoint of the time interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the infant mortality rate measure?

    <p>Deaths under 1 year of age in a given year to the total number of live births</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the under-5 mortality rate reflect?

    <p>Number of deaths occurring in the under-5 age group per 1000 live births</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of perinatal mortality rate?

    <p>Deaths between 28th week of gestation to less than 7 days of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cause-specific mortality rate measure?

    <p>The proportion of all deaths attributed to a specific disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do morbidity indicators reveal?

    <p>The burden of ill health in a community without measuring subclinical disease states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of incidence in terms of morbidity indicators?

    <p>The number of new events or new cases of a disease in a defined population within a specified period of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does prevalence measure in terms of morbidity indicators?

    <p>The total number of individuals who have an attribute or disease at a particular time divided by population at risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Notification rates' for morbidity indicators are calculated from:

    <p>'Notification rates' are calculated from reporting to public authorities about certain diseases, e.g. yellow fever, poliomyelitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an indicator in the context of health?

    <p>A measurement that directly reflects the state of health of individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a health indicator?

    <p>It is susceptible to direct measurement and reflects health status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do indicators help to measure?

    <p>The extent to which program objectives are attained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do health status indicators measure?

    <p>The physical, mental &amp; social well-being of individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the under-5 mortality rate reflect?

    <p>The mortality rate due to any cause in children under 5 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of health, as defined by the World Health Organization, include?

    <p>Complete physical, mental &amp; social well-being, and absence of disease or infirmity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an indicator reflect in the context of health?

    <p>It reflects the consequences of ill-health and illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the infant mortality rate measure?

    <p>The mortality rate due to any cause in infants under 1 year old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the use of multiple indicators arranged in profiles or patterns allow for?

    <p>It allows for measuring multiple dimensions of health status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an index or variable called in the context of health?

    <p>Indicator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do indicators reflect regarding program objectives?

    <p>They reflect the extent to which program objectives are being attained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Physical Quality of Life Index consolidate?

    <p>It consolidates different aspects of the quality of life in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of the crude mortality rate (CDR)?

    <p>The mortality rate from all causes of death for an entire population, usually expressed as per 1000 or 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the infant mortality rate measure?

    <p>The number of deaths under 1 year of age in a given year to the total number of live births in the same year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of an indicator?

    <p>Should be sensitive to changes in the situation concerned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dimension do morbidity indicators reveal?

    <p>Burden of ill health in a community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used as an estimate of the average population at risk when calculating mortality rates?

    <p>Population size at the midpoint of the time interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the neonatal mortality rate measure?

    <p>Deaths in the first 28 days of life expressed as per 1000 of total live births</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Sullivan’s Index measure?

    <p>Expectation of life free of disability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do nutritional status indicators reflect in pre-school children?

    <p>Height-for-age– measures chronic malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the WHO Joint Learning Initiative's threshold for health workers per 10,000 population?

    <p>25 health workers (doctors, nurses and midwives)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do healthcare utilization indicators reflect?

    <p>Proportion of people in need of a service who actually receive it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do indicators of social and mental health provide a guide for?

    <p>Improving the health of people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do environmental indicators reflect?

    <p>Proportion of population having access to safe drinking water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of an indicator used in health?

    <p>Valid, sensitive, specific, reliable, relevant and feasible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Indicators' help to measure what regarding program objectives?

    <p>Allocation of adequate resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Physical Quality of Life Index consolidate?

    <p>Infant mortality, life expectancy at age of 1yr and literacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the single most important indicator of political commitment in health policy?

    <p>Proportion of GNP spent on health services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dimensions are represented by the Human Development Index?

    <p>Longevity, education, and GNI per capita</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do indicators help to measure in terms of health status?

    <p>Aspect of health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Definition of Health

    • Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

    Health Indicators

    • Indicators are also known as indices or variables.
    • The main characteristic of an indicator is that it is susceptible to measurement.
    • Indicators help to measure health status, program objectives, and progress towards goals.
    • Health status indicators measure various aspects of health, such as mortality, morbidity, and healthcare utilization.

    Mortality Indicators

    • Crude mortality rate (CDR) is the number of deaths per 1,000 mid-year population.
    • Mid-year population is used as an estimate of the average population at risk when calculating mortality rates.
    • Infant mortality rate measures the number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births.
    • Under-5 mortality rate reflects the number of deaths of children under 5 years of age per 1,000 live births.
    • Perinatal mortality rate measures the number of stillbirths and deaths of infants in the first week of life per 1,000 total births.
    • Cause-specific mortality rate measures the number of deaths due to a specific cause per 1,000 population.

    Morbidity Indicators

    • Morbidity indicators reveal the incidence and prevalence of diseases.
    • Incidence measures the number of new cases of a disease within a specific time period.
    • Prevalence measures the total number of cases of a disease within a specific time period.
    • Notification rates for morbidity indicators are calculated from the number of reported cases.

    Other Health Indicators

    • Sullivan's Index measures the number of years of life lost due to premature mortality.
    • Anthropometric measurements of pre-school children are used to assess nutritional status.
    • Household crowding index measures the number of people living in a household.
    • Environmental indicators reflect the quality of the environment and its impact on health.
    • Physical Quality of Life Index consolidates indicators of mortality, morbidity, and nutrition.
    • Human Development Index represents the dimensions of life expectancy, education, and income.
    • The WHO Joint Learning Initiative's threshold for health workers is 23 per 10,000 population.

    Purpose of Health Indicators

    • Indicators help to measure health status, track progress, and identify areas for improvement.
    • The use of multiple indicators arranged in profiles or patterns allows for a comprehensive understanding of health status.
    • Indicators reflect the concept of health as defined by the World Health Organization, which includes physical, mental, and social well-being.

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