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Questions and Answers
What health condition is directly related to approximately 90% of lung deaths?
What health condition is directly related to approximately 90% of lung deaths?
How does smoking impact the cilia in the lungs?
How does smoking impact the cilia in the lungs?
What is a consequence of smoking on the alveoli in the lungs?
What is a consequence of smoking on the alveoli in the lungs?
What is the best course of action after being treated for coronary heart disease (CHD)?
What is the best course of action after being treated for coronary heart disease (CHD)?
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What percentage of all deaths is attributed to smoking?
What percentage of all deaths is attributed to smoking?
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What percentage of self-quitters typically fail in their attempts to quit smoking?
What percentage of self-quitters typically fail in their attempts to quit smoking?
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Why might quitting smoking lead to weight gain for some individuals?
Why might quitting smoking lead to weight gain for some individuals?
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Which group is less likely to smoke based on income levels?
Which group is less likely to smoke based on income levels?
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What role does nicotine play in stress management for smokers?
What role does nicotine play in stress management for smokers?
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What immediate health benefit occurs with smoking cessation?
What immediate health benefit occurs with smoking cessation?
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What reduction in desire to smoke did the lozenge group experience?
What reduction in desire to smoke did the lozenge group experience?
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What trend regarding smoking prevalence was observed from 1965 to 2013 in Canada?
What trend regarding smoking prevalence was observed from 1965 to 2013 in Canada?
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What factor is associated with an increased risk of smoking and addiction?
What factor is associated with an increased risk of smoking and addiction?
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How quickly does nicotine reach the brain after smoking?
How quickly does nicotine reach the brain after smoking?
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Which of the following is a long-term health hazard of smoking?
Which of the following is a long-term health hazard of smoking?
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What was the total reduction in nicotine cravings for the exercise and lozenge group?
What was the total reduction in nicotine cravings for the exercise and lozenge group?
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What is a significant effect of exercise on smoking cravings, shortly after exercising?
What is a significant effect of exercise on smoking cravings, shortly after exercising?
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How do expectancy beliefs towards exercise relate to cravings?
How do expectancy beliefs towards exercise relate to cravings?
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What is one possible way exercise alleviates cravings?
What is one possible way exercise alleviates cravings?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of nicotine?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of nicotine?
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Which group showed the most significant craving relief at time 2?
Which group showed the most significant craving relief at time 2?
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What was found to not have significant main effects on desire to smoke?
What was found to not have significant main effects on desire to smoke?
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What psychological mechanism was identified for how exercise works to reduce cravings?
What psychological mechanism was identified for how exercise works to reduce cravings?
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What change in cortisol levels is observed during the first two weeks of abstinence?
What change in cortisol levels is observed during the first two weeks of abstinence?
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What effect does exercise have on the desire to smoke immediately after the intervention?
What effect does exercise have on the desire to smoke immediately after the intervention?
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What was the percentage reduction in strength of desire to smoke in the exercise group compared to the control group?
What was the percentage reduction in strength of desire to smoke in the exercise group compared to the control group?
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Which of the following best describes the context under which cravings may increase after exercise?
Which of the following best describes the context under which cravings may increase after exercise?
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What does the Fong et al. study primarily focus on?
What does the Fong et al. study primarily focus on?
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What outcome showed weak evidence in relation to exercise following the trial?
What outcome showed weak evidence in relation to exercise following the trial?
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How do stress symptoms change over time according to the Fong et al. study?
How do stress symptoms change over time according to the Fong et al. study?
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Why might the findings of cravings not entirely reflect those experienced during a complete quit attempt?
Why might the findings of cravings not entirely reflect those experienced during a complete quit attempt?
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What suggestion was made regarding future research on cravings and smoking cessation?
What suggestion was made regarding future research on cravings and smoking cessation?
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What is one suggested benefit of vigorous exercise for smokers?
What is one suggested benefit of vigorous exercise for smokers?
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In the study conducted by Marcus et al., what was observed with the exercise group in comparison to the control group?
In the study conducted by Marcus et al., what was observed with the exercise group in comparison to the control group?
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How did the addition of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy to exercise impact cessation rates?
How did the addition of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy to exercise impact cessation rates?
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What factor contributed to significant weight gain among quitters compared to non-quitters?
What factor contributed to significant weight gain among quitters compared to non-quitters?
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What was the observed trend regarding cessation rates post-treatment in the studies discussed?
What was the observed trend regarding cessation rates post-treatment in the studies discussed?
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What remains unclear regarding the relationship between exercise and smoking cravings?
What remains unclear regarding the relationship between exercise and smoking cravings?
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Why did exercise during the program help prevent weight gain?
Why did exercise during the program help prevent weight gain?
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What is a potential effect on smoking behavior observed in individuals who engage in exercise?
What is a potential effect on smoking behavior observed in individuals who engage in exercise?
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Study Notes
Health Hazards of Smoking
- Smoking causes cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung diseases, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
- COPD includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
- Smoking is directly linked to about 90% of lung deaths and 80-90% of COPD deaths.
Smoking Damage to Lungs
- Smoking chemicals combine to form sticky tar, lining the lungs' interior.
- Cilia (tiny hairs) in the lungs help remove dirt and germs.
- Tar prevents cilia from working properly, allowing germs and chemicals to stay in the lungs, leading to disease and cancer.
COPD from Smoking
- Smoking permanently damages the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs, making breathing harder.
- Alveoli act like balloons, absorbing oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
Smoking Risks and Statistics
- Tobacco kills approximately 37,000 Canadians and 480,000 Americans annually.
- Smoking prevalence in Canada has decreased significantly from 1965-2013.
- In 2020, 8% of Canadians smoked daily, and 2% smoked occasionally.
- Smoking rates tend to be higher in lower-income groups compared to higher-income groups.
Benefits of Quitting Smoking
- Quitting smoking dramatically reduces the risk of coronary heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases.
Relapse Rates of Smokers
- Relapse rates for people quitting smoking are high, often reaching 95-98%.
- Relapse frequently occurs within two weeks of quitting.
Challenges of Quitting Smoking
- Nicotine acts as a relaxing drug and a coping mechanism for stress.
- Quitting can lead to weight gain due to changes in oral senses and metabolism.
- Psychological factors and habit/sensory cues contribute to the difficulty of quitting.
Nicotine Metabolism
- Nicotine is metabolized into cotinine, which is further metabolized by the liver enzyme cytochrome P450 2A6.
Exercise and Smoking Cessation
- Exercise can improve mood and self-efficacy, making quitting easier.
- Exercise can also be a useful coping mechanism during smoking cessation.
- Exercise can reduce craving relief, especially if combined with nicotine lozenges.
Acute Exercise and Smoking Cessation
- Acute exercise during smoking cessation periods can reduce cravings and improve mood in some cases.
- But there are limitations with the current studies due to factors such as single stressors in a lab. More ecologically valid research is required.
Stressors and Smoking Cessation
- Studies have shown that exercising while dealing with other stressors also aids in reducing cravings.
- Exercise during periods of abstinence can offer relief via reduction of cravings and stress.
Biological Mechanisms of Exercise on Smoking
- Exercise positively affects mood and reduces negative feelings.
- This can reduce cravings and aid in smoking reduction.
- However, there is no clear biological mechanism to explain how it works.
Cortisol and Smokers
- Smokers typically have higher cortisol levels compared to nonsmokers.
- Cortisol levels can drop within the initial weeks of quitting.
- Exercise could contribute to normalizing cortisol levels.
Long-Term Smoking Cessation
- Exercise programs, such as the 12-week program in Marcus et al, can support long-term smoking cessation.
- Exercise and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) combined often lead to better long-term results during abstinence.
Smoking Topography and Exercise Intervention
- Studies have examined how smoking behaviour changes (topography) in individuals undertaking exercise programs before cessation.
- Data shows decrease in cigarettes smoked and consistent decline in smoking-related behaviour patterns.
- Exercise before cessation often has a positive impact on smoking cessation efforts.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the health hazards associated with smoking. This quiz covers the impacts of smoking on lung health, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and relevant statistics regarding smoking prevalence and its dangers. Learn more about how smoking affects your body and the statistics behind tobacco use.
