Health, Environment, and Indigenous Peoples Lecture

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Questions and Answers

What is the 1948 definition of health according to the text?

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being (correct)
An organism’s ability to efficiently respond to challenges
An absence of disease or illness
The total health of the total person within the total environment

How is Indigenous Peoples' definition of health different from the 2001 medical/physiological definition?

It refers to the absence of disease or infirmity
It includes social, emotional, spiritual, and cultural well-being (correct)
It emphasizes physical, mental, and social well-being
It focuses on an organism's ability to respond to challenges

What does the National Aboriginal Health Strategy (NAHS) in Australia emphasize in its definition of health?

An organism’s ability to respond to challenges
The total health of the total person within the total environment
The absence of disease or infirmity
Social, emotional, spiritual, and cultural well-being (correct)

What is the broader cultural perception of First Nations health and well-being?

The total (first nations) health of the total (first nations) person within the total (first nations) environment (D) Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of First Nations health with their definitions:

Healthy behaviour and lifestyle = Healthy choices and habits that contribute to overall well-being Cultural continuity with the past and future = Maintaining and preserving traditional practices and values across generations Healthy connection to culture = Strong and positive engagement with cultural traditions and customs Healthy spiritually as a First Nations person = Balanced and fulfilling spiritual well-being within the First Nations context Signup and view all the answers

Match the following levels of personhood with their components:

Body = Physical aspect of an individual Mind = Intellectual and cognitive aspect of an individual Heart = Emotional and compassionate aspect of an individual Spirit = Non-physical essence or energy within an individual Signup and view all the answers

Match the following factors influencing health with their definitions:

Physiological = Relating to the body's physical processes and functions Sociological = Involving social structures, relationships, and institutions Environmental = Pertaining to the external surroundings and conditions that can impact health Cultural = Influenced by customs, traditions, and beliefs of a particular group Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements of the environment with their descriptions:

Physical environment = Tangible surroundings such as land and natural resources Biological environment = Living organisms and ecosystems that interact with individuals Social environment = Interpersonal relationships, community dynamics, and societal influences Cultural environment = Values, traditions, and practices shaping a specific cultural context Signup and view all the answers

Match the following environmental health concepts with their definitions:

Environmental health = Protection against environmental factors impacting human health and ecological balance Epidemics, pandemics, and syndemics = Classifications of disease outbreaks with varying levels of impact and spread across human populations DALYs (Disability-Adjusted Life Years) = Standardized quantification of health life lost related to disease, combining years of life lost with years lost to disability Clean air, safe water, and adequate food = Essential environmental requirements for life, with millions of premature deaths annually due to air and water pollution Signup and view all the answers

Match the following environmental health challenges with their descriptions:

Food insecurity and inadequate shelter in low-income and Indigenous communities = Contributing to ill health and premature death Threats to human health from air pollutants, climate change, hazardous chemicals, and loss of biodiversity = Highlighting the importance of a stable global environment 99% of the world lived in places where WHO air quality guidelines were not met in 2019 = Less than 1.7 billion people used a drinking water source contaminated with feces in 2022 Influence of physical, biological, social, and psychosocial factors on environmental health = Supporting well-being and improving lives Signup and view all the answers

Match the following goals of environmental health with their objectives:

Improving and preserving hygienic environments, public health, and ecological balance = Through preventive science and enforcement of statutory provisions Ensuring clean and safe living and working environments = Including clean air and water, disease prevention, and environmental protection Measuring the impact of environmental factors on health = By calculating DALYs in a population from the number of deaths and years of lost to/living with disability Preserving ecological balance through preventive science = And enforcement of statutory provisions Signup and view all the answers

Match the following health indicator characteristics with their descriptions:

Positive indicator = Reflects desirable health outcomes or conditions Objective indicator = Based on observable and measurable data Qualitative indicator = Described in non-numeric terms Composite indicator = Combines multiple individual indicators into a single measure Signup and view all the answers

Match the following health models with their focus areas:

Biomedical model = Focuses on physical processes, neglecting the role of the mind or society Biopsychosocial model = Emphasizes interconnectedness of biological, psychological, and social factors Community health model = Emphasizes environmental viability, ecological sustainability, and social equity Cultural framework for health = Considers action, vision, relationships, and reason in health behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Match the following social determinants of health with their impact areas:

Proximal determinants = Directly influence individual health outcomes Intermediate determinants = Affect health through intermediary factors like living conditions or access to healthcare Distal determinants = Have long-term effects on population health through societal structures and policies Social determinants of Indigenous health = Impact physical, emotional, mental, or spiritual well-being Signup and view all the answers

Match the following Lalonde Report goals with their descriptions:

Improve the healthcare system = Enhance the functioning and effectiveness of healthcare services Prevent health problems = Address issues before they occur through proactive measures Promote good health through integration = Incorporate healthcare and prevention in policy development Emphasize role of biology, environment, lifestyle, and access to healthcare services = Recognize factors determining health and propose strategies to address them Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

DALY = Measures both the length and quality of life affected by a health condition Global Burden of Disease (GBD) = The sum of disease across all ages, conditions, and regions Environmental Burden of Disease (EBD) = Canada's contribution to the global disease burden from environment-related causes Vulnerable groups to environmental influences on health = Include children, women, elderly, disabled people, and indigenous populations Signup and view all the answers

Match the following historical events with their descriptions:

Migration from Asia and diverse relationships with the environment = Indigenous populations in Canada Socio-ecological transition and indigenous health in North America = Led to the growth of disease pools in the 17th and early 18th century Pre-contact environmental health among indigenous populations = Involved the 'Germ Filter' theory and evidence of nutritionally related diseases Traditional and modern risks to indigenous health = Include infections, nutritional, perinatal, maternal, cancer, heart, neuro-psychiatric, chronic lung, diabetes, congenital causes, and injuries Signup and view all the answers

Match the following indicators with their descriptions:

Health indicators = Measure specific aspects of the health of a population Determinant indicators = Measure factors that influence health Environmental health indicators = Express the link between environment and health, aimed at specific policy or management concerns Global Burden of Disease (GBD) = The sum of disease across all ages, conditions, and regions Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of health indicator with its description:

Health status indicator = Measurement of a particular aspect of the health of a population Health determinant indicator = Measurement of something that influences health Environmental Health Indicator = An expression of the link between environment and health, targeted at an issue of specific policy or management concern and presented in a form which facilitates interpretation for effective decision making Compliance Indicator = Assess current conditions Signup and view all the answers

Match the potential use of environmental health indicators with their descriptions:

Change Indicator = Document trends Early Warning Indicator = Anticipate hazardous conditions Diagnostic = Identify causative agents Relational = Identify interdependence between indicators Signup and view all the answers

Match the characteristics of environmental health indicators with their types:

Positive and negative measures = Objective and subjective indicators Qualitative and quantitative measurements = Aggregate, individual and composites Signup and view all the answers

Match the purpose of models/frameworks for environmental health indicator organization/selection with their descriptions:

Simplify and represent data, make accessible, predicts, warns = Why use indictors Linkage within phenomenon (eg. between health and environment), Based on previous knowledge, experience, understanding of the relationship between indicator and phenomenon, Formed in goal of its use, and underlying societal goals = Common Characteristics Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, First Nations health and well-being is understood as:

The total health of the total person within the total environment (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the 'total person' according to the First Nations perspective of health?

Body, mind, heart, and spirit (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the Indigenous definition of health, what does 'total environment' refer to?

Healthy connection and relationship with the living environment including land, natural environment, culture environment, etc. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence health according to the Indigenous perspective?

Physiological, spiritual, sociological, environmental, historical, cultural, economic (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does DALY measure?

Both the length and quality of life affected by a health condition (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is Global Burden of Disease (GBD)?

The sum of disease across all ages, conditions, and regions (C) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of global disease burden and deaths in 2016 were from environment-related causes?

24% (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is Canada's Environmental Burden of Disease (EBD)?

13% (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which groups are vulnerable to environmental influences on health?

Children, women, elderly, disabled people, and indigenous populations (A) Signup and view all the answers

What theory was involved in pre-contact environmental health among indigenous populations?

"Germ Filter" theory (A) Signup and view all the answers

When did the growth of disease pools in North America occur?

By the early 18th century (C) Signup and view all the answers

What do health indicators measure?

Specific aspects of the health of a population (A) Signup and view all the answers

What do determinant indicators measure?

Factors that influence health (D) Signup and view all the answers

What do environmental health indicators express?

Link between environment and health (D) Signup and view all the answers

What were traditional and modern risks to indigenous health?

Nutritional, perinatal, maternal, cancer, heart, neuro-psychiatric, chronic lung, diabetes, congenital causes, and injuries (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of presenting environmental health indicators?

To facilitate effective decision making (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of environmental health?

To ensure clean and safe living and working environments, including clean air and water, disease prevention, and environmental protection (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) used for?

To provide a standardized quantification of health life lost related to disease, combining years of life lost with years lost to disability (D) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the world lived in places where WHO air quality guidelines were not met in 2019?

99% (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are epidemics, pandemics, and syndemics classified as?

Classifications of disease outbreaks with varying levels of impact and spread across human populations (D) Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to ill health and premature death in low-income and Indigenous communities?

Food insecurity and inadequate shelter (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which environmental requirements are essential for life, with millions of premature deaths annually due to their pollution?

Clean air, safe water, and adequate food (D) Signup and view all the answers

What highlights the importance of a stable global environment in relation to human health?

Threats from air pollutants, climate change, hazardous chemicals, and loss of biodiversity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is influenced by physical, biological, social, and psychosocial factors?

Environmental health (B) Signup and view all the answers

What do Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) measure?

The impact of environmental factors on health by calculating the number of deaths and years lived with disability (D) Signup and view all the answers

How many people used a drinking water source contaminated with feces in 2022?

Less than 1.7 billion people (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of environmental health?

Improving and preserving hygienic environments, public health, and ecological balance through preventive science and enforcement of statutory provisions. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of health determinant indicators?

To measure something that influences health (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the common characteristics of environmental health indicators?

Linkage within phenomenon, based on previous knowledge and formed in goal of its use (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential uses of environmental health indicators?

Compliance Indicator, Change Indicator, Early Warning Indicator, Diagnostic, Relational (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of environmental health indicators?

Positive and negative measures; Objective and subjective indicators; Qualitative and quantitative measurements; Aggregate, individual and composites (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an environmental health indicator?

An expression of the link between environment and health, targeted at an issue of specific policy or management concern (A) Signup and view all the answers

What do models/frameworks for environmental health indicator organization/selection aim to do?

Direct and organize the identification of measurements (indicators) or the assessment of health or the process of treatment (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which model of health emphasizes the interconnectedness of biological, psychological, and social factors?

The biopsychosocial model (A) Signup and view all the answers

What did the Lalonde Report emphasize as determining health?

Biology, environment, lifestyle, and access to healthcare services (B) Signup and view all the answers

What did the Lalonde Report pioneer the recognition of?

The significance of lifestyle and personal choices on health (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are social determinants of Indigenous health impacted by?

Proximal, intermediate, and distal determinants that impact physical, emotional, mental, or spiritual health (C) Signup and view all the answers

What was the aim of the Lalonde Report presented in 1974 in Canada?

To improve the healthcare system and prevent health problems through integrating health care and prevention in policy development (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the community health model focus on?

Environmental viability and ecological sustainability (B) Signup and view all the answers

What can health indicators be used for?

Compliance assessment, trend documentation, early warning, diagnostic purposes, and to identify interdependence between indicators (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the cultural framework for health consider?

Action, vision, relationships, reason; Health behaviors; Physical health; Social determinants of health (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are social determinants of Indigenous health influenced by?

Proximal determinants related to lifestyle choices; Intermediate determinants related to healthcare access; Distal determinants impacting physical and emotional well-being only. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized by different models of health such as the biomedical model?

Physical processes excluding the role of mind or society in disease causation or treatment. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are different types of indicators that can be used for assessing health?

Positive or negative; Objective or subjective; Aggregated or individual; Qualitative or quantitative (C) Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Environmental Contribution to Global Burden of Disease

DALY measures both the length and quality of life affected by a health condition
It combines premature death and healthy life lost, expressed as a single number
Global Burden of Disease (GBD) is the sum of disease across all ages, conditions, and regions
24% of the global disease burden and 23% of all deaths in 2016 were from environment-related causes
Canada's Environmental Burden of Disease (EBD) is 13%
Vulnerable groups to environmental influences on health include children, women, elderly, disabled people, and indigenous populations
Indigenous populations in Canada have a complex history, including migration from Asia and diverse relationships with the environment
Pre-contact environmental health among indigenous populations involved the "Germ Filter" theory and evidence of nutritionally related diseases
Socio-ecological transition and indigenous health led to the growth of disease pools in North America by the 17th and early 18th century
Traditional and modern risks to indigenous health include infections, nutritional, perinatal, maternal, cancer, heart, neuro-psychiatric, chronic lung, diabetes, congenital causes, and injuries
Health indicators measure specific aspects of the health of a population, while determinant indicators measure factors that influence health
Environmental health indicators express the link between environment and health, aimed at specific policy or management concerns and presented to facilitate effective decision making.

Health Indicators, Models, and the Lalonde Report

Health indicators can be used for compliance assessment, trend documentation, early warning, diagnostic purposes, and to identify interdependence between indicators.
They can be positive or negative, objective or subjective, and qualitative or quantitative, and can be aggregated, individual, or composite.
Different models of health, such as the biomedical model, focus on physical processes and do not consider the role of the mind or society in disease causation or treatment, while the biopsychosocial model emphasizes the interconnectedness of biological, psychological, and social factors.
The community health model focuses on environmental viability, ecological sustainability, urban livability, social equity, and economic adequacy.
The cultural framework for health includes action, vision, relationships, and reason, and considers factors such as health behaviors, physical health, personal wellness, and social determinants of health.
Social determinants of Indigenous health include proximal, intermediate, and distal determinants that impact physical, emotional, mental, or spiritual health.
The Lalonde Report, presented in 1974 in Canada, aimed to improve the healthcare system, prevent health problems, and promote good health through the integration of health care and prevention in policy development.
It proposed strategies and proposals to achieve its goals, emphasizing the role of biology, environment, lifestyle, and access to healthcare services in determining health.
The report stressed the impact of lifestyle and personal choices on health and recognized health inequalities, pioneering the recognition that not everyone has the same access to good health.
The Lalonde Report was influential in shaping contemporary thinking about health by emphasizing the importance of preventing health issues through lifestyle and recognizing health factors beyond biology.

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