Health and Wellness 1
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Questions and Answers

What defines the behavioural approach to health?

  • Emphasis on genetic predisposition and biological factors
  • Primarily concerned with access to medical care
  • Focus on lifestyle choices and individual behavior modification (correct)
  • Concentration on social and environmental influences on health

Which of the following is a key characteristic of the socioenvironmental approach to health?

  • Reliance on medical interventions to treat diseases
  • Examination of environmental factors affecting health (correct)
  • Prioritization of economic status in health outcomes
  • Focus on individual responsibility for health

Which publication contributes significantly to the conceptualization of health and health determinants?

  • Health Canada Guidelines
  • Lalonde Report (correct)
  • World Health Organization's Annual Report
  • Canadian Health Act

What is a key factor distinguishing health promotion from disease prevention?

<p>Disease prevention aims to prevent illness before it starts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of disease prevention focuses on preventing the progression of disease in individuals?

<p>Tertiary prevention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the five health promotion strategies discussed in the Ottawa Charter?

<p>Creation of supportive environments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is considered a social determinant of health?

<p>Access to nutritious food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the phenomenon where certain groups experience different levels of health disparities?

<p>Health disparity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which critique was levied against the Lalonde Report regarding its view on health?

<p>It blamed individuals for their health risks. (C), It deflected attention from environmental influences on health. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the socioenvironmental approach integrate into the understanding of health?

<p>The impact of social structures and environments on health. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the prerequisites for health identified by the Ottawa Charter?

<p>A stable ecosystem. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Ottawa Charter, empowerment is defined as:

<p>The ability to define, analyze, and solve problems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major shift occurred in health promotion strategies post-Lalonde Report?

<p>Emphasizing policy interventions that benefit entire populations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Ottawa Charter suggest addressing social injustices related to health?

<p>By promoting social justice and equity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a criticism associated with the concept of 'victim blaming' in health?

<p>It overlooks environmental factors influencing health. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which document emerged from the First International Conference on Health Promotion?

<p>The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of health promotion, what does an 'upstream' approach focus on?

<p>Policy interventions and root causes of health issues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts emphasizes the importance of social context in health?

<p>Social determinants of health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Joey and his family using to cover the broken window during winter?

<p>A tarp (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the isolation Joey and Elsie feel from friends?

<p>Public health restrictions due to COVID-19 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What health condition does Joey have that requires regular check-ups?

<p>COPD (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason Sam and Joe stopped attending school?

<p>COVID-19 and public health restrictions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the WHO define health as?

<p>A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often does public transit run in Joey's area?

<p>Twice a day (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the age of Elsie, Joey's partner?

<p>68 years old (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chronic condition is characterized as a pathological process that can be detected by medical science?

<p>Disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During what conditions do Joey and his family particularly struggle with feeling cold?

<p>Winter temperatures as low as -20°C (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why couldn't Sue and Tracy continue working at their restaurant jobs?

<p>COVID-19 and public health restrictions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the concept of wellness according to some scholars?

<p>A subjective experience (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges does Joey face regarding medical access?

<p>Lack of nearby medical facilities and limited transit options (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the subjective experience of loss of health?

<p>Illness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of Joey's key concerns during the winter months?

<p>Difficulty breathing in cold air (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does shaded area D represent in the Venn diagram?

<p>A diagnosed pathology validating an illness experience (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which classification describes health as the realization of human potential?

<p>Health as actualization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the most contemporary nursing theorists, which conceptualization of health is most adhered to?

<p>Health as stability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of health as resource, as defined in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion?

<p>Engaging in everyday life activities and fulfilling roles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of health as unity emphasize?

<p>Overall integration of a person's well-being (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT included in Labonte’s multidimensional conceptualization of health?

<p>Experiencing deep emotional turmoil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The WHO's 1984 definition of health emphasizes which of the following?

<p>Ability to realize aspirations and cope with the environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does health as stability mainly encompass?

<p>The balance of physiological, functional, and social norms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which circle in the Venn diagram primarily represents mental health?

<p>The circle labeled mental (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does health as a resource differ from traditional health definitions?

<p>It emphasizes access to resources for well-being (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects the holistic view of health?

<p>Health as the dynamic integration of various dimensions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dimension does NOT directly relate to the concept of health as seen in the Venn diagram?

<p>Spiritual health (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What perspective does Nightingale’s definition of health align with?

<p>Both actualization and stability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key aspect does the definition of health emphasize according to Card (2017)?

<p>Health is experienced through physical and psychological well-being. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach to health emphasizes medical intervention as the primary means of restoring health?

<p>Medical approach (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Lalonde Report was significant because it highlighted the inadequacy of which health care approach?

<p>Biomedical approach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the behavioural approach argue was necessary to improve Canadians' health status?

<p>Improvements in lifestyle, environment, and human biology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a major focus of the Health Promotion Directorate established in 1978?

<p>Decreasing behavioural risk factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the socioenvironmental approach differ from the behavioural approach to health?

<p>It shifts the focus from individual behaviour to social and environmental factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about health status as articulated in the content?

<p>Health exists strictly as a dichotomy of well-being. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What societal factors contributed to the rise of the medical approach to health in the 20th century?

<p>Postwar economic growth and medical advances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the conceptualization of health mentioned in the content?

<p>A comprehensive view of health includes quality of life and spirituality. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Labonte (1993), what is one major shift that occurred in health promotion during the 1970s?

<p>Increased focus on individual lifestyle choices and education. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how health was viewed in the medical approach according to the content?

<p>Health is primarily a function of physiological parameters. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Lalonde Report play in shaping Canadian health policy?

<p>It catalyzed a shift towards a more comprehensive understanding of health determinants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the behavioural approach to health developed in the early 1970s?

<p>To address the disconnect between healthcare spending and health improvement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Health

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Determinants of Health

Factors that influence a person's health status, including social, economic, environmental, and individual factors.

Medical Approach to Health

Focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of disease, primarily through medical interventions.

Behavioural Approach to Health

Focuses on lifestyle choices and behaviors that affect health, such as diet, exercise, and substance use.

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Socioenvironmental Approach to Health

Focuses on the social and environmental factors that influence health, such as poverty, pollution, and access to resources.

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Health Promotion

Activities designed to improve health and well-being through addressing risk factors and promoting positive lifestyles.

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Disease Prevention

Activities aimed at reducing the risk of illness or injury through interventions that address disease causes.

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At-risk population

A group of people who are more likely to experience health problems due to specific social or economic circumstances.

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Health as Stability

Health is maintained by keeping physiological, functional, and social norms in balance. This includes views of health as a steady state, a continuous process, the ability to adapt, and maintaining a stable internal environment.

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Health as Actualization

Health is defined as the full realization of human potential. It's about reaching your full potential physically, mentally, and emotionally.

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Health as Actualization & Stability

This definition combines both actualization and stability. It describes health as achieving your potential while managing daily life demands and maintaining harmony with your environment.

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Health as Resource

Health is viewed as a valuable asset that enables you to fulfill your roles, meet life's challenges, and engage in daily activities.

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Health as Unity

Health is defined as a holistic concept representing the interconnectedness of all aspects of your being. It's about seeing the whole person as a single entity.

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WHO Health Definition (1984)

This definition emphasizes health as a resource for everyday life, not just the absence of disease. It highlights the ability to realize goals, meet needs, and adapt to changes in your environment.

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Labonte's Multidimensional View

Labonte's concept views health as a combination of feeling vital, having fulfilling social relationships, feeling in control of your life, doing enjoyable activities, having a sense of purpose, and connecting with your community.

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Holistic Health

Holism suggests that health is more than the sum of its parts. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of physical, mental, and social aspects in creating well-being.

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Rootman & Raeburn's View

This view emphasizes a sensible lifestyle, equitable access to resources, and empowering individuals and communities to maintain or improve well-being.

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Health defined as absence of disease

Health is viewed as the opposite of illness or disease; good health is the lack of illness or disease.

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Health defined positively

Health and illness are separate but related; a person can be ill but still have healthy characteristics.

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Disease

An objective state of ill health that can be detected by medical science.

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Illness

A subjective experience of loss of health.

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Multidimensional components of health

Health includes physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being.

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Wellness

Often used synonymously with the broad definition of health, encompassing various aspects of well-being.

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WHO definition of health

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

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Health determinants

Factors that influence a person's health status.

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Rural health disparities

Unequal access to healthcare and resources experienced by rural communities.

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COVID-19 impact on health

COVID-19 disproportionately affected vulnerable populations, like Indigenous peoples, LGBTQ2, and older adults, highlighting health inequities.

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Health status of Indigenous peoples

Indigenous peoples often experience significant health disparities due to historical and ongoing systemic inequities.

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Health of LGBTQ2 individuals

LGBTQ2 communities experience unique health disparities owing to discrimination and social stigma.

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Health of older adults

Older adults often face health disparities, especially in rural areas affecting access to care and preventing chronic disease.

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Health model concepts

Health models/frameworks such as the metaparadigm concepts (person, environment, nursing, and social justice) encompass a broad view of health and the determinants affecting individual health.

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Health promotion and empowerment

Active steps to improve health and empower individuals to take control of their own well-being. This is often used with frameworks and nursing models.

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Health Empowerment

The ability to actively participate in defining, seeking, and finding the resources needed to achieve good health.

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Subjective Health

Health is not simply the absence of disease but a personal experience of physical and psychological well-being, and it exists on a continuum.

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Dichotomous Health

The idea that health is not a simple yes/no concept but rather a spectrum ranging from poor to good.

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Biopsychosocial Model

Recognizes the interconnectedness of biological, psychological, and social factors in health and illness.

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Downstream Thinking

Focuses on individual health concerns, treatment, and cure, treating illness after it develops.

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Lalonde Report

A landmark report that shifted the focus of health care from a medical to a behavioural approach, emphasizing lifestyle factors.

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Health Field Concept

Identifies four major determinants of health: lifestyle, environment, human biology, and health care organization.

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Stability Orientation

A focus on maintaining health by treating illnesses and restoring health to a previous state.

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Upstream Thinking

Focuses on addressing the root causes of health problems and preventing them before they occur.

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Chronic Diseases

Long-term diseases that develop gradually and persist over a long period of time.

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Lalonde Report Criticism

The Lalonde Report was criticized for shifting focus away from environmental factors and for how it defined 'environment' and 'lifestyle.' It positioned lifestyle as solely an individual's responsibility, promoting 'victim blaming' and overlooking social influences on health.

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Socioenvironmental Approach

This approach views health as strongly connected to social structures and factors. It acknowledges that poverty, pollution, unsafe workplaces, etc., directly impact health, shifting focus beyond individual choices.

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Ottawa Charter

This groundbreaking document promotes a socioenvironmental approach to health. It establishes five primary health promotion strategies and identifies the social, environmental, and political conditions necessary for health.

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Prerequisites for Health

The Ottawa Charter outlines essential conditions for health beyond individual lifestyle factors, including peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, social justice, and equity.

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Empowerment (Health)

The Ottawa Charter emphasizes empowerment—the ability to define, understand, and solve problems—as a crucial goal for health care providers.

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Powerlessness & Health

Powerlessness is considered a key health determinant that can influence other risk factors, impacting health outcomes.

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Ottawa Charter Strategies

The Ottawa Charter highlights five major strategies to promote health: Building Healthy Public Policy, Creating Supportive Environments, Strengthening Community Action, Developing Personal Skills, and Reorienting Health Services.

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Health Promotion Strategies

These strategies are designed to improve health and well-being through addressing health risks and promoting healthy lifestyles by influencing public policy, creating healthy environments, building community action, developing personal skills, and reorienting health services.

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WHO Health Definition

This definition emphasizes health as a resource for everyday life, not just the absence of disease. It highlights the ability to realize goals, meet needs, and adapt to changes in your environment.

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Study Notes

Key Concepts of Health and Health Determinants

  • Health is a multifaceted concept, not solely the absence of disease.
  • Various definitions exist, including health as stability, actualization, actualization and stability, resource, and unity.
  • Contemporary nursing theories often conceptualize health as stability or actualization.
  • Health is a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living.

Historical Approaches to Health

  • Medical Approach: Focuses on physiological risk factors and downstream thinking (treatment/cure).
  • Behavioural Approach: Emphasizes individual lifestyle choices (responsible for health), and health promotion strategies (education/social marketing).
  • Socioenvironmental Approach: Recognizes social structures (poverty, environment) as crucial determinants of health, and upstream thinking (policy interventions) are key.

Key Canadian Publications & Reports

  • Lalonde Report (1974): Shifted focus from medical to behavioural approach, defining health determinants.
  • Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986): Introduced socioenvironmental approach, emphasizing prerequisites for health and health promotion strategies.
  • Epp Report: Further developed on health field concept.
  • Strategies for Population Health: Continued development of socioenvironmental approach.
  • Jakarta Declaration: International document on health promotion.
  • Bangkok Charter: International document on health promotion.
  • Toronto Charter: International document on health promotion.

Health Determinants

  • Health determinants encompass factors that influence health, impacting the interrelationships and influencing wellness. Examples include: lifestyle, environment, and healthcare system organization.
  • Socioenvironmental influences impact health behaviours.
  • Social determinants of health and structural vulnerability have significant relationships.

Health Promotion vs. Disease Prevention

  • Health promotion aims to improve overall well-being and empower people.
  • Disease prevention focuses on stopping the development of diseases.

Levels of Disease Prevention

  • Primary Prevention: Actions to prevent disease before it occurs (eg. immunizations).
  • Secondary Prevention: Early detection and intervention to limit the severity of a disease (eg. screenings).
  • Tertiary Prevention: Actions to reduce disability or promote recovery from disease (eg. rehabilitation programs).

Ottawa Charter Health Promotion Strategies

  • Building healthy public policy: Shaping policies that promote health across multiple sectors.
  • Creating supportive environments: Enhancing environmental factors conducive to well-being (e.g., safe neighbourhoods).
  • Strengthening community action: Empowering groups to work collaboratively on health issues.
  • Developing personal skills: Empowering individuals to develop healthy habits.
  • Reorienting health services: Aligning healthcare systems to support health promotion goals.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the key concepts of health and health determinants. This quiz covers various historical approaches to health, including medical, behavioural, and socioenvironmental perspectives. Additionally, explore important Canadian publications that have influenced understanding in this field.

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