Health Conditions and Adolescent Development
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Questions and Answers

Which condition is characterized by morning stiffness and a predilection for wrist and proximal small joints, while sparing the DIP joints?

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (correct)
  • Ankylosing spondylitis
  • Psoriatic arthritis
  • Reactive arthritis

What is a hallmark feature of fibromyalgia?

  • Morning stiffness
  • Inflammation at tendon insertion points
  • Widespread pain and fatigue (correct)
  • Positive rheumatoid factor

Which type of arthritis is associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

  • Reactive arthritis
  • Enteroarthritis (correct)
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Psoriatic arthritis

Which condition is noted for the presence of sausage digits?

<p>Psoriatic arthritis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Polymyalgia Rheumatica from fibromyalgia?

<p>It is inflammatory in nature (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age range does early adolescence typically occur?

<p>12–14 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the focus of middle adolescence?

<p>Development of secondary sexual characteristics and opposite-sex friendships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature that distinguishes dementia from delirium?

<p>Chronic progression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern addressed in the HEADS screening?

<p>A holistic view of various aspects of an adolescent's life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tool is commonly used to screen for dementia?

<p>Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'C' in the CRAFFT screening represent?

<p>Riding in a car with someone under the influence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common trigger for delirium in elderly patients?

<p>Electrolyte imbalances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a leading cause of adolescent morbidity and mortality?

<p>Heart disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common medical concern for the geriatric population?

<p>Severe acne (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which acronym denotes a screening interview focused on violence?

<p>FISTS (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of occupational therapy for the elderly?

<p>Regaining independence in daily activities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the 'E' in the SHADESS model stand for?

<p>Emotions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk associated with medication management in elderly patients?

<p>Increased polypharmacy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about confidentiality in adolescent patient encounters is true?

<p>Information is private unless specific risks are present (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assistive device is commonly recommended for enhancing mobility?

<p>Walkers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does nutrition counseling play in geriatric care?

<p>Managing dietary issues like malnutrition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the APGAR scoring system?

<p>To determine the need for medical intervention after birth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a scoring of 5–7 in the APGAR assessment indicate?

<p>Some distress in the newborn (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which test is performed to detect dislocated hips in newborns?

<p>Ortolani Test (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of a positive Barlow Test result?

<p>Hip instability indicating risk for dislocation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Moro reflex in newborns?

<p>Reflects a startle response to stimuli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meconium and what does its appearance indicate?

<p>The first stool passed by a newborn, typically dark green and sticky. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does SGA stand for in newborn assessments?

<p>Small for Gestational Age (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes hyperbilirubinemia in newborns?

<p>Immature liver function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What severe consequence can result from untreated hyperbilirubinemia?

<p>Kernicterus or bilirubin-induced brain damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the bluish discoloration of the hands and feet commonly seen in newborns?

<p>Acrocyanosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is vernix caseosa's primary function for the newborn?

<p>To provide a protective barrier against amniotic fluid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is typically used to manage elevated bilirubin levels in newborns?

<p>Phototherapy or exchange transfusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the anterior fontanelle typically close?

<p>By 7-19 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment is NOT typically included in a newborn physical examination?

<p>Evaluate for respiratory infections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of conducting a physical examination on a newborn?

<p>To identify anomalies or complications. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes 'molding' in newborns?

<p>Shaping of the head as it passes through the birth canal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach should be taken when engaging adolescents in discussions about their health?

<p>Encourage dialogue and focus on positive behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common challenge faced when working with adolescents?

<p>They often lack trust in healthcare providers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT a parental factor risk for childhood abuse and neglect?

<p>Strong educational background. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of abuse is characterized by inflicted injuries such as bruises or fractures?

<p>Physical Abuse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor may increase the likelihood of childhood abuse or neglect?

<p>Experiencing domestic violence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a physical sign of potential abuse in children?

<p>Bruises in unusual locations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes neglect in a child?

<p>Failing to provide necessary nutritional or medical care. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of emotional abuse?

<p>Causing psychological harm through manipulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Dementia vs. Delirium

Dementia is a chronic, progressive decline in cognitive function, while delirium is an acute, reversible state of confusion often caused by underlying medical conditions.

What are the key features of dementia?

Memory loss, impaired executive function, difficulty with language and reasoning.

What are the key features of delirium?

Fluctuating levels of consciousness and attention deficits.

How do we test for dementia?

Tools like the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) are used to assess cognitive function and screen for dementia.

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What are common triggers for delirium?

Infections (UTI, pneumonia), electrolyte imbalances, medications, dehydration, and surgery.

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What are common medical concerns in the elderly?

Incontinence, insomnia, loss of function, depression, and malnutrition.

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How can we address common medical concerns in the elderly?

Physical therapy, occupational therapy, assistive devices, medication management, and nutrition counseling are essential.

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What are the risks to elderly patients from medicine?

Polypharmacy (taking multiple medications) and the potential for drug interactions and adverse reactions.

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Meconium

The first stool passed by a newborn, typically dark green and sticky.

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SGA

Birth weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age.

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AGA

Birth weight between the 10th and 90th percentiles for gestational age.

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LGA

Birth weight above the 90th percentile for gestational age.

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Vernix Caseosa

A white, creamy substance covering the newborn’s skin, providing protection in utero.

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Fontanelle

Soft spots on a newborn’s skull where the bones haven’t fused yet.

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Molding

Shaping of the newborn’s head as it passes through the birth canal.

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Perioral Cyanosis

Bluish discoloration around the mouth, often transient.

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Quiet Environment

Performing a newborn assessment in a calm and quiet setting helps keep the baby relaxed and cooperative. It minimizes distractions and unnecessary stimulation.

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Soothing Techniques

Using gentle touches, soft voices, and swaddling can help soothe a newborn during an assessment, making the experience less stressful for the baby.

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APGAR Score

A quick evaluation of a newborn's health at 1 and 5 minutes after birth looking at heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, reflex response, and skin color.

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Ballard Scoring System

Examines a newborn's physical and neurological maturity to estimate gestational age, including signs like arm and leg movements.

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Ortolani Test

This test checks if the hip is dislocated by gently moving the leg in a specific direction.

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Barlow Test

This test looks for hip instability by applying gentle pressure to the hip to see if it dislocates.

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Moro Reflex

When a newborn is startled, they will extend their arms and then bring them together in a hugging motion.

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Hyperbilirubinemia

A condition where there is too much bilirubin in the blood, causing the baby's skin and eyes to appear yellow (jaundice).

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Enthesitis

Inflammation at the point where tendons and ligaments attach to bone.

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Sausage Digits

Swollen fingers or toes, typically seen in psoriatic arthritis.

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Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS)

A type of inflammatory arthritis primarily affecting the spine, often causing stiffness and pain. It's more common in males.

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Reactive Arthritis (ReA)

Arthritis triggered by an infection, often accompanied by symptoms like inflammation of the eyes (uveitis), urethra (urethritis), and other joints (CB, KB). More common in males.

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Enteroarthritis (EA)

Arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) like Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.

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Early Adolescence

The stage of adolescence from 12-14 years old, marked by rapid physical and cognitive growth, egocentrism, concrete thinking, and same-sex friendships.

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Middle Adolescence

The stage of adolescence from 15-17 years old, characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics, increased independence, abstract thinking, and opposite-sex friendships.

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Late Adolescence

The stage of adolescence from 18-21 years old, marked by the establishment of identity and vocational goals, a shift from peer groups to individual friendships, and an increased susceptibility to stress-induced illness.

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Confidentiality (Adolescent)

The principle of keeping medical information shared by adolescent patients private unless they are actively homicidal, suicidal, or being abused.

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Informed Consent (Adolescent)

A patient's voluntary agreement to a medical procedure or treatment after being fully informed of its risks and benefits.

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HEADS Screening

A screening tool for adolescent patients focusing on Home, Education, Activities, Diet/Drugs/Depression, and Sexuality/Safety.

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CRAFFT Screening

A substance use screening tool for adolescents, using the acronym C: Car, R: Relax, A: Alone, F: Forget, F: Friends, and T: Trouble.

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FISTS Screening

A violence screening tool for adolescents, using the acronym F: Fighting, I: Injuries, S: Sexual Violence, T: Threats, and S: Self-defense.

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Strength-Based Interviewing

A communication style that focuses on a patient's strengths and positive behaviors, encouraging dialogue and building rapport.

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Challenges of Adolescent Encounters

Adolescents may be hesitant to share information, influenced by peers and parents, and might lack trust in healthcare providers.

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Goals of Adolescent Encounters

Building trust through open communication, promoting preventative care, and addressing risky behaviors while respecting their autonomy.

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Physical Abuse

Inflicting injuries like bruises, burns, fractures, or internal injuries, including specific signs like immersion burns or metaphyseal fractures.

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Sexual Abuse

Involves exploiting children sexually, including direct abuse (genital contact) and indirect abuse (pornography exposure).

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Neglect

The failure to provide essential physical, nutritional, or medical care leading to conditions like 'failure to thrive'.

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Emotional Abuse

Behavior that causes psychological harm to a child, often difficult to measure directly.

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Signs of Abuse and Neglect

Physical signs include unusual bruises, burns, fractures, or internal injuries. These injuries can have specific characteristics like handprints or immersion burns.

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Study Notes

Geriatric Medicine Study Notes

  • Dementia vs. Delirium: Dementia is a chronic, progressive cognitive decline, characterized by memory loss, impaired executive function, and reasoning difficulties. Examples include Alzheimer's and vascular dementia. Delirium is an acute, reversible state of confusion often caused by an underlying issue like infection or medication. Fluctuating consciousness and attention deficits are key features.

  • Dementia Screening: Tools like the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoСА) are used to screen for dementia.

  • Delirium Triggers: Common triggers include infections (UTIs, pneumonia), electrolyte imbalances, medications (benzodiazepines, anticholinergics), dehydration, and surgery.

  • Geriatric Medical Concerns: Common concerns focus on quality of life and include incontinence, insomnia, loss of function, depression, malnutrition, and mobility issues. Assistive devices and therapies can help.

  • Addressing Concerns: Physical therapy improves strength, balance, mobility, and reduces fall risk. Occupational therapy helps with daily living skills and home modifications. Assistive devices and medication management can improve quality of life.

  • Medication Risks: Polypharmacy (taking multiple medications) and interactions between medications with multiple providers are key risks for elderly patients.

  • Psychosocial Concerns: Loss of independence, social isolation, and financial concerns are common psychosocial concerns in the elderly.

LGBTQI Health

  • Increased Risk Factors: Members of the LGBTQI community have increased risk for mental health issues (depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, eating disorders), substance use disorders, STIs (especially HIV), cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers (due potentially to delayed healthcare). They also face issues of violence, hate crimes, and discrimination.

  • Patient-Centered Care: Treating the whole person, not just the collection of risk factors is critical for LGBTQI patients. Cultural competency and inclusive language are vital.

  • Screening: Follow CDC guidelines for STI screening and perform appropriate cancer screenings. Screen regularly for blood pressure and lipid disorders.

  • Relationship Structures: There are diverse relationship structures like monogamous, non-monogamous, same-sex, opposite-sex, and polyamorous relationships (with specific challenges based on these relationships) . Members of the LGBTQI community face stigma, internalized stigma, and barriers to healthcare access, particularly for non-monogamous and transgender couples.

  • Methods of Parenthood: Options for LGBTQ people to become parents include adoption (domestic, international, foster care), gestational surrogacy or sperm donation.

Newborn Assessment

  • Terminology: Recognize terms like meconium, SGA (small for gestational age), AGA (appropriate for gestational age), LGA (large for gestational age), vernix caseosa, fontanelles, molding, perioral cyanosis, and acrocyanosis.

  • Goals: Identify anomalies, reassure parents, and address any complications.

  • Physical Exam: The newborn physical examination begins with observation and assesses position, tone, colour, and distress signs; checks the head (for caput succedaneum, cephalohematoma, and fontanelles), cardiorespiratory (rate, rhythm, and distress signs), abdomen (for masses), extremities (digits and hip assessment), neuro (reflexes, response, and tone); checks skin, head, chest, abdomen, extremities, neuro.

  • Reflexes: Know how to perform and assess different neonatal reflexes like Moro, startle, suck, root, grasp, Barlow, and Ortolani tests.

Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine

  • Adolescent Terminology: Recognize terminology related to adolescence, Tanner staging of sexual maturity, and puberty. Understand the unique psychosocial concerns faced during this period.

  • Pediatric Concerns: Recognize common psychosocial, emotional, social, health, and substance use issues that affect these ages and incorporate these factors into the assessment and care.

  • Pediatric History: Emphasize the importance of gathering a detailed birth history (including complications, prenatal care, and exposures). Understand the components of a thorough nutritional, sleep, elimination, and developmental history. Also, include immunizations and family/social contexts (like household, daycare, and major life changes like divorce or death).

  • Teenage Risks and concerns: Recognize and address risk factors, risky sexual behaviors, substance use, and mental health concerns in adolescents.

  • Communication and Guidance: Develop supportive relationships with families to address and manage concerns, and encourage communication with parents, to promote well-being and preventative care.

  • Abuse and Neglect: Understand risk factors and symptoms, including physical, sexual, or emotional abuse or neglect. Recognize the role of childcare providers in reporting incidents of suspected child abuse or neglect.

  • Abuse Indicators: Recognize various physical and behavioural symptoms and signs associated with child abuse and neglect.

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Description

This quiz covers various health conditions, including types of arthritis, fibromyalgia, and dementia, while also addressing stages of adolescent development and screening tools. Test your knowledge on the characteristics and distinctions between these medical topics and developmental phases.

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